Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

In his introduction to this detailed survey of knowledge of insect societies, the author points out that research on insect sociology has proceeded in three phases, the natural history phase, the physiological phase and the population-biology phase. Advances in the first two phases have permitted embarkation in the third phase on a more rigorous theory of social evolution based on population genetics and writing this book, the author wished to relate the three phases of research on insects and to express insect sociology as population biology. A glossary of terms, a considerable bibliography and a general index are included. Other CABI sites 

The Insect Societies

Many plants interact with carnivores as an indirect defence against herbivores. The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) are induced by insect feeding, a response that is mediated by the plant hormone, jasmonic acid. Although VOCs mainly attract predatory mites and parasitic wasps, while EFN mainly attracts ants, many more animal-plant interactions are influenced by these two traits. Other traits involved in defensive tritrophic interactions are cellular food bodies and domatia, which serve the nutrition and housing of predators. They are not known to respond to herbivory, while food body production can be induced by the presence of the mutualists. Interactions among the different defensive traits, and between them and other biotic and abiotic factors exist on the genetic, physiological, and ecological levels, but so far remain understudied. Indirect defences are increasingly being discussed as an environmentally-friendly crop protection strategy, but much more knowledge on their fitness effects under certain environmental conditions is required before we can understand their ecological and evolutionary relevance, and before tritrophic interactions can serve as a reliable tool in agronomy.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02330.x

Indirect defence via tritrophic interactions.

▪ Abstract Protective ant-plant interactions, important in both temperate and tropical communities, are increasingly used to study a wide range of phenomena of general interest. As antiherbivore defenses “worn on the outside,” they pose fewer barriers to experimentation than do direct (e.g., chemical) plant defenses. This makes them tractable models to study resource allocation to defense and mechanisms regulating it. As multi-trophic level interactions varying in species specificity and impact on fitness of participants, ant-plant-herbivore associations figure prominently in studies of food-web structure and functioning. As horizontally transmitted mutualisms that are vulnerable to parasites and “cheaters,” ant-plant symbioses are studied to probe the evolutionary dynamics of interspecies interactions. These symbioses, products of coevolution between plants and insect societies, offer rich material for studying ant social evolution in novel contexts, in settings where colony limits, resource supply, and ...

Protective ant-plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research.

Predation strategies are driven by habitat structure, prey’s nutritional value, and/or by predator characteristics such as developmental stage. Here, we evaluated the feeding habits of the social pseudoscorpion Paratemnoides nidificator in two areas of a Brazilian Cerrado savanna. These pseudoscorpions live under tree bark trunks of varying sizes; habitat structure could interfere with pseudoscorpion ambushing behavior and prey accessibility. We therefore assessed the hypotheses that (i) small and large colonies of P. nidificator will capture prey of distinct amounts and sizes; (ii) habitat structure will limit the captured prey size; (iii) there will be an age-dependent prey choice in P. nidificator. We evaluated the prey items, colony composition, and habitat structure of pseudoscorpions and determined whether P. nidificator presents age-dependent feeding preferences by offering prey items of different sizes. Colonies with more individuals captured more prey items and those prey presented a wider size variety. P. nidificator can capture a high variety of prey sizes by using openings in tree bark as a trap; however, only tree barks of intermediate size amplitude may be used for trapping most prey. Nymphs showed no preference for prey size, while adults mainly fed on larger ants. Tree bark may play a role as a phenotype extension by easing the process of large prey capture, which is considered a crucial factor for social species. Small prey might be a complementary food resource for nymphs, reducing intraspecific competition and their exposure to larger, dangerous prey. Habitat structure and prey’s traits such as size affect the predation strategies of several animals. How these features interfere in the feeding habits and prey accessibility of social arachnids is a matter of question. We showed that habitat structure and colony size drive the prey size preference of a social pseudoscorpion. Paratemnoides nidificator lives under tree trunk barks that vary in size, depth, and shape. The tree bark openings may play a crucial role by easing the capture process of different prey sizes, including large prey, which is considered a crucial factor for social species. According to the prey size hypothesis, social species require, collectively, higher amounts of food energy. Thus, we propose that the bark openings are related to the evolution of P. nidificator’s social behavior as they potentially allow the capture of larger and more nutritious prey.

Colony size, habitat structure, and prey size shape the predation ecology of a social pseudoscorpion from a tropical savanna

Our understanding of mating systems is highly skewed toward temperate examples. This study investigated the mating system, sexual size dimorphism and seasonal variation in local distribution and abundance of male and female Telebasis carmesina, a common damselfly in Brazilian tropical savanna. In a natural reserve, daily census and behavioral observations were made throughout 1 year at the edges of a permanent pond. Males were more abundant during the rainy season, when mating and oviposition by females occurred. The operational sex ratio at the pond was heavily male biased, c. 1\female: 19\male. Males were smaller than females but were larger in the dry season than in the wet season, when they were more abundant at the pond. Females were larger in the dry months of July to September than in the rainy season. Both males and females principally used the macrophyte Eleocharis sp. as perches and for oviposition. Males exhibited polygynous, scramble mate competition, as in most coenagrionids that have been st...

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Sexual size dimorphism, mating system and seasonality of a Neotropical damselfly, Telebasis carmesina (Coenagrionidae)

Thrips are cosmopolitan and abundant insects with great diversity in the Neotropics, but taxonomic and crop pest aspects comprise almost all of our knowledge of these insects. Here we describe a unique case of an ectoparasite species, Aulacothrips dictyotus Hood (Heterothripidae), which infests and also uses as dispersal vector (phoresy behaviour) the hemipteran Enchenopa brasiliensis (Membracidae). Thrips fix themselves on the ventral region of their hosts, at the junction of thorax and abdomen. Phoresy takes place when the attached thrips are transported to other plants and/or host aggregations. Phoresy is a useful long range dispersal mechanism for this weakly flying thrip species. Out of the 6000 species of thrips described, most are phytophagous and fungivorous, and only A. dictyotus performs ectoparasitism and phoretic behaviour.

Ectoparasitism and phoresy in Thysanoptera: the case of Aulacothrips dictyotus (Heterothripidae) in the Neotropical savanna

Plant species specificity of ant–plant mutualistic interactions: Differential predation of termites by Camponotus crassus on five species of extrafloral nectaries plants

There are a few studies about the behavior of males of paper wasps in the colonies; however, some activities performed by males , such as nest maintenance and brood care, have been described in the literature. Between February and June 2001, behavioral observations were carried out on three colonies of Polistes ferreri Saussure, 1853, from postemergence to decline phases. Productivity, emergence time, permanence on the combs and behavioral repertory were verified during the observations. The emergence of males took place between February and June, and the productivity was 17,66±12,05 males per colony. Such values were smaller than those found for other species of Polistes. Seventeen behavioral acts were registered for males of P. ferreri. Males remained in the colony for a short period (average of 8,06 days). Some performed acts by males seem to be related to the tasks in the nests and to the mating behavior.

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Kleber Del-Claro

Papers

Colony size, habitat structure, and prey size shape the predation ecology of a social pseudoscorpion from a tropical savanna

Sexual size dimorphism, mating system and seasonality of a Neotropical damselfly, Telebasis carmesina (Coenagrionidae)

Ectoparasitism and phoresy in Thysanoptera: the case of Aulacothrips dictyotus (Heterothripidae) in the Neotropical savanna

Plant species specificity of ant–plant mutualistic interactions: Differential predation of termites by Camponotus crassus on five species of extrafloral nectaries plants

The role of males in a neotropical paper wasp, Polistes ferreri Saussure, 1853 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae)