Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Combinatorial synthesis of novel materials

Perovskite-type oxides for high-temperature oxygen separation membranes

Active metal and active metal intercalation electrode structures and battery cells having ionically conductive protective architecture including an active metal (e.g., lithium) conductive impervious layer separated from the electrode (anode) by a porous separator impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte (anolyte). This protective architecture prevents the active metal from deleterious reaction with the environment on the other (cathode) side of the impervious layer, which may include aqueous or non-aqueous liquid electrolytes (catholytes) and/or a variety electrochemically active materials, including liquid, solid and gaseous oxidizers. Safety additives and designs that facilitate manufacture are also provided.

Protected active metal electrode and battery cell structures with non-aqueous interlayer architecture

A solid oxide fuel cell (10) comprises a solid electrolyte layer (30), a barrier layer (40), and a cathode (50) The cathode (50) includes a cathode current collecting layer (51) and a cathode active layer (52) The cathode active layer (52) includes a plurality of micro-cracks (SL) in an interface region (52a) within a predetermined distance (Da) from the interface (P2) between the cathode current collecting layer (51) and the cathode active layer (52)

Solid-oxide fuel cell

A multicell holder (10) e.g. a honeycomb or plate, or a collection of individual support particles, is treated with solutions/suspensions of catalyst ingredients to produce a plurality of cells, spots, or pellets (12) each having a different composition. The plurality of cells, spots, or pellets are dried, calcined or treated to stabilize the ingredients and contacted with a potentially reactive feed stream or batch of reactants. The reaction occurring in each cell (12) is measured or analyzed to determine the relative efficacy of the catalysts in each combination. The measurement or analysis is done through a number of different methods including infrared thermography (14), spectroscopy of products or residual reactants or sampling for further analysis. Robotic techniques can be employed in producing the cells, spots or pellets (12).

Catalyst testing process and apparatus

Solid membranes comprising an intimate, gas-impervious, multi-phase mixture of an electronically-conductive material and an oxygen ion-conductive material and/or a mixed metal oxide of a perovskite structure are described. Electrochemical reactor components, such as reactor cells, and electrochemical reactors are also described for transporting oxygen from any oxygen-containing gas to any gas or mixture of gases that consume oxygen. The reactor cells generally comprise first and second zones separated by an element having a first surface capable of reducing oxygen to oxygen ions, a second surface capable of reacting oxygen ions with an oxygen-consuming gas, an electron-conductive path between the first and second surfaces and an oxygen ion-conductive path between the first and second surfaces. The element may further comprise (1) a porous substrate, (2) an electron-conductive metal, metal oxide or mixture thereof and/or (3) a catalyst. The reactor cell may further comprise a catalyst in the zone which comprises a passageway from an entrance end to an exit end of the element. Processes described which may be conducted with the disclosed reactor cells and reactors include, for example, the partial oxidation of methane to produce unsaturated compounds or synthesis gas, the partial oxidation of ethane, substitution of aromatic compounds, extraction of oxygen from oxygen-containing gases, including oxidized gases, ammoxidation of methane, etc. The extraction of oxygen from oxidized gases may be used for flue or exhaust gas cleanup.

Solid multi-component membranes, electrochemical reactor components, electrochemical reactors and use of membranes, reactor components, and reactor for oxidation reactions

A solid multi-component membrane for use in an electrochemical reactor characterized by a mixed metal oxide material having a perovskite structure comprising (1) a lanthanide, Y, or a combination of a lanthanide and Y, (2) at least one alkaline earth metal, (3) Fe, and (4) Cr, Ti or a combination of Cr and Ti Also claimed is an element for use in an electrochemical reactor or reactor cell having a first surface capable of reducing oxygen to oxygen ions, a second surface capable of reacting oxygen ions with an oxygen-consuming gas, an electron-conductive path between the first and second surfaces and an oxygen ion-conductive path between the first and second surfaces characterized in that the element comprises (A) a mixed metal oxide material having a perovskite structure and (B) a conductive coating, a catalyst, or a conductive coating comprising a catalyst The invention permits the carrying out of a number of electrochemical reactions

Electrochemical reactors and multicomponent membranes useful for oxidation reactions

An element for use in an electrochemical cell has a first zone for introducing an oxygen-containing gas and a second zone separated from first zone by the element, which has a membrane with first and second surfaces, conducts oxygen ions therebetween, and has a catalyst exposed to at least the first zone. The element may be used to separate oxygen.

Kliewer Wayne R

Papers

Solid multi-component membranes, electrochemical reactor components, electrochemical reactors and use of membranes, reactor components, and reactor for oxidation reactions

Electrochemical reactors and multicomponent membranes useful for oxidation reactions

Components for use in electrochemical cells and their use in oxygen separation

Für Oxydationsreaktionen nützliche elektrochemische Reaktoren und Mehrkomponenten-Membranen