A fluid treating method for treating fluid to reduce the concentration of undesirable metal constituents contained therein is disclosed. The method utilizes a bed of metal particulate matter. The metal particulate matter comprises copper. Preferably, the metal particulate also contains zinc and can be in the form of an alloy. The fluid treated is often water, preferably, drinking water. Among the metals that may be effected by the present method are aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, selenium and silver.

Method for treating fluids

Electrically, mechanically, and thermally enhanced ball grid array (BGA) packages are described. An IC die is mounted in a centrally located cavity of a substantially planar first surface of a stiffener. The first surface of a substrate is attached to a substantially planar second surface of the stiffener. The second surface of the stiffener is opposed to the first surface of the stiffener. A centrally located protruding portion on the second surface of the stiffener is opposed to the centrally located cavity. The protruding portion extends through an opening in the substrate. A wire bond is coupled from a bond pad of the IC die to a contact pad on the first surface of the substrate through a through-pattern in the stiffener. The through-pattern in the stiffener is one of an opening through the stiffener, a recessed portion in an edge of the stiffener, a notch in an edge of the recessed portion, and a notch in an edge of the opening.

Ball grid array package with patterned stiffener layer

A process is disclosed for recycling carbon dioxide emissions from a fossil-fuel power plant into useful carbonated species. Ohe process primarily comprises the steps of: a) burning the fossil fuel, thereby generating heat and a hot exhaust gas containing CO2; and b) converting the heat into energy. The process is characterized in that it further comprises the steps of: c) cooling the exhaust gas; and d) biologically transforming the CO2 contained in the cooled exhaust gas into carbonated species, thereby obtaining a low CO2 exhaust gas and producing useful carbonated species. The low CO2 exhaust gas obtained in step d) can be released in the atmosphere without increasing the problem of greenhouse effect.

Process and a plant for recycling carbon dioxide emissions from power plants into useful carbonated species

A method and nickel-containing catalyst are disclosed for preparing synthesis gas by the reforming of a hydrocarbyl compound using an oxygen-containing compound.

Method for preparing synthesis gas using nickel catalysts

A process and apparatus for removing the impurities from a gas stream produced from a landfill such that essentially pure carbon dioxide and methane is recovered After the landfill gas is mechanically dewatered, the gas is filtered of particulate solids and aerosols and purified by removing sulfur compounds using zinc oxide columns, removing halogens using activated alumina columns, removing hydrocarbons using activated charcoal columns, and oxidizing remaining impurities using potassium permanganate impregnated activated alumina columns Lastly the gas is incinerated in a boiler/incinerator combustion furnace to produce an exit stream containing essentially pure carbon dioxide and air, which is further treated in a conventional carbon dioxide treatment process

Process and apparatus for purification of landfill gases

H2S-containing gases are desulfurized by direct catalytic oxidation of the H2S to elementary sulfur by means of oxygen-containing gases in a tube reactor, with indirect removal of the heat of reaction by means of a coolant and with condensation of the sulfur formed, wherein either the catalyst is present in the jacket space around the tubes and the coolant is present in the tubes of the reactor or the coolant is present in the jacket space around the tubes and the catalyst is present in the tubes of the reactor, and the catalyst fills the tubes of the tube reactor or the jacket space around the tubes over the entire cross-section of the tubes or the jacket space respectively, the exit temperature of the gaseous reaction mixture leaving the tube reactor is kept at 180 DEG -400 DEG C. and the sulfur formed in the tube reactor is separated out of the reaction mixture, obtained in the reactor, in a condensation stage downstream of the reactor.

Desulfurization of H2S-containing gases

Gases containing CO and/or CO 2 are purified by removing sulfur compounds and other impurities by catalytic reaction at elevated temperatures by a process in which the gases to be purified are passed directly through a catalyst charge containing a Cu/ZnO catalyst prepared by thermal decomposition of a mixed crystalline compound of zinc hydroxide carbonate, and the space velocity is set at 500-5,000 m 3 (S.T.P.) per m 3 of catalyst per hour. Preferably, the catalyst used is a Cu/ZnO catalyst which is prepared by thermal decomposition of a catalyst precursor of the general formula Cu.sub.x Zn.sub.y (OH).sub.6 (CO.sub.3).sub.2.

Purification of gases containing CO and/or CO2

H 2 S-containing gases are desulfurized by direct catalytic oxidation of the H 2 S to elementary sulfur by means of oxygen-containing gases in a tube reactor, with indirect removal of the heat of reaction by means of a coolant and with condensation of the sulfur formed, wherein either the catalyst is present in the jacket space around the tubes and the coolant is present in the tubes of the reactor or the coolant is present in the jacket space around the tubes and the catalyst is present in the tubes of the reactor, and the catalyst fills the tubes of the tube reactor or the jacket space around the tubes over the entire cross-section of the tubes or the jacket space respectively, the exit temperature of the gaseous reaction mixture leaving the tube reactor is kept at 180°-400° C. and the sulfur formed in the tube reactor is separated out of the reaction mixture, obtained in the reactor, in a condensation stage downstream of the reactor.

Desulfurization of H2 S-containing gases

The compound Ni5MgAl2(OH)16.CO3.4H2O is precipitated from an aqueous solution containing salts of nickel, magnesium and aluminum with a carbonate or bicarbonate of an alkali metal. After this catalyst precursor has been dried, calcined and reduced with hydrogen a catalyst can be prepared which is suitable for the cracking of hydrocarbons in the presence of steam. In the steam cracking of hydrocarbons the hydrocarbon and the steam may be reacted to form a gas rich in methane in contact with this catalyst at a preheating temperature of less than 300 DEG C.

Process for the preparation of a nickel magnesium aluminum catalyst

Gases of various origins which contain carbon monoxide and dioxide and hydrogen, for example the gases obtained by steam reforming or the rich gas process, refinery gases or coal gasification gases are methanized on a nickel catalyst. The object of this reaction is to obtain methane or gases which can be substituted for natural gas. To produce the catalyst, the compound Ni6Al2(OH)16.CO3.4H2O is obtained from aqueous solution. The catalyst is obtained from this compound after drying, calcination and subsequent reduction in a stream of hydrogen, whilst maintaining very specific temperature gradients between the drying stage and the calcination stage.

Knut Dr Kaempfer

Papers

Desulfurization of H2S-containing gases

Purification of gases containing CO and/or CO2

Desulfurization of H2 S-containing gases

Process for the preparation of a nickel magnesium aluminum catalyst

Catalyst and its use for the manufacture of methane from gases containing carbon monoxide and dioxide and hydrogen