자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

The gap between research and practice or policy is often described as a problem. To identify new barriers of and facilitators to the use of evidence by policymakers, and assess the state of research in this area, we updated a systematic review. Systematic review. We searched online databases including Medline, Embase, SocSci Abstracts, CDS, DARE, Psychlit, Cochrane Library, NHSEED, HTA, PAIS, IBSS (Search dates: July 2000 - September 2012). Studies were included if they were primary research or systematic reviews about factors affecting the use of evidence in policy. Studies were coded to extract data on methods, topic, focus, results and population. 145 new studies were identified, of which over half were published after 2010. Thirteen systematic reviews were included. Compared with the original review, a much wider range of policy topics was found. Although still primarily in the health field, studies were also drawn from criminal justice, traffic policy, drug policy, and partnership working. The most frequently reported barriers to evidence uptake were poor access to good quality relevant research, and lack of timely research output. The most frequently reported facilitators were collaboration between researchers and policymakers, and improved relationships and skills. There is an increasing amount of research into new models of knowledge transfer, and evaluations of interventions such as knowledge brokerage. Timely access to good quality and relevant research evidence, collaborations with policymakers and relationship- and skills-building with policymakers are reported to be the most important factors in influencing the use of evidence. Although investigations into the use of evidence have spread beyond the health field and into more countries, the main barriers and facilitators remained the same as in the earlier review. Few studies provide clear definitions of policy, evidence or policymaker. Nor are empirical data about policy processes or implementation of policy widely available. It is therefore difficult to describe the role of evidence and other factors influencing policy. Future research and policy priorities should aim to illuminate these concepts and processes, target the factors identified in this review, and consider new methods of overcoming the barriers described.

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A systematic review of barriers to and facilitators of the use of evidence by policymakers

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The Seductions of Quantification: Measuring Human Rights, Gender Violence, and Sex Trafficking (Chicago Series in Law and Society)

Gender equality in science, medicine, and global health: where are we at and why does it matter?

Making Health Policy

This article asks what key concerns emerge from the way responsibility is framed in United Nations summit documents on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted in 2015. Our conceptual framework serves to make the study of SDG responsibility more systematic by distinguishing three main senses of responsibility: cause, obligation, and accountability. The framework structures our analysis of two SDG summit documents, Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda. The article shows, first, that the causal sense of responsibility is hidden between the lines in paragraphs on poverty, debt and environmental issues. As a consequence, root causes of problems might not be appropriately addressed. Second, SDG summit documents deal predominantly with responsibility in the sense of obligation. We raise concerns with repeated consideration for national circumstances and with vague obligations for non-governmental actors. Third, with regard to accountabilit...

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08039410.2016.1252424

Responsibility and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals

Similar policies may be found in different countries. This, in turn, is an indication that policies travel. But why are certain policies imitated while others are not? The author seeks to further our understanding of policy diffusion and its dynamics by investigating how foreign ideas are integrated and translated into new contexts, and how these imported ideas influence national policymaking and implementation. The National Drug Policies in Laos and Vietnam are studied in order to identify factors facilitating or restraining policy processes—and to discuss the effects of diffusion. In the 1980s reforms were initiated leading to far-reaching economic liberalisation in Laos and Vietnam. These reforms have affected all segments of society, including the health sector. The pharmaceutical sector was privatised, drugs became widely available, and self-medication as well as fake and sub-standard drugs proliferated. This was the setting when the Lao and Vietnamese governments had to consider the development of a National Drug Policy, as part of the development assistance from Swedish Sida to their health sectors. In 1993 the National Drug Policy was endorsed in Laos, and in 1996 the policy was adopted in Vietnam. Hence, the policy processes were initiated within the framework of bilateral cooperation between donors and the two Ministries of Health. In other words, there had been a spread of external ideas, or policy diffusion. Later on these ideas and NDP had to be translated into, and implemented in, the national context. Thus, the study covers the time from the development of the policies until present the time, 2001. Drawing on research in policy studies, constructivism, new institutionalism, and globalisation, the study aims to bridge the international/national divide in policymaking both theoretically and empirically. In an era of escalating globalisation and ever increasing flows of ideas, the author argues for the contextualisation of policymaking and problematisation of the often taken for granted rational actor approach inherent in much of the policy literature. The main findings indicate that although the formulation of the policies may be relatively trouble-free, it does not automatically mean that the translation of the policy into practice will follow as anticipated. In order to understand why new ideas are accepted and integrated into a new context and how this affects the implementation, one must look at the way new policies have been spread and translated into a new context. This, in turn, can provide insights as to why some policies are more successful than others, and why the policy process in Laos appears to have been more straightforward than in Vietnam.

/pdf/translating-foreign-ideas-into-domestic-practices-4n0zwy3b4e.pdf

Translating Foreign Ideas into Domestic Practices: Pharmaceutical Policies in Laos and Vietnam

We show that the centrosome- and microtubule-regulating protein γ-tubulin interacts with E2 promoter binding factors (E2Fs) to modulate E2F transcriptional activity and thereby control cell cycle progression. γ-Tubulin contains a C-terminal signal that results in its translocation to the nucleus during late G(1) to early S phase. γ-Tubulin mutants showed that the C terminus interacts with the transcription factor E2F1 and that the E2F1-γ-tubulin complex is formed during the G(1)/S transition, when E2F1 is transcriptionally active. Furthermore, E2F transcriptional activity is altered by reduced expression of γ-tubulin or by complex formation between γ-tubulin and E2F1, E2F2, or E2F3, but not E2F6. In addition, the γ-tubulin C terminus encodes a DNA-binding domain that interacts with E2F-regulated promoters, resulting in γ-tubulin-mediated transient activation of E2Fs. Thus, we report a novel mechanism regulating the activity of E2Fs, which can help explain how these proteins affect cell cycle progression in mammalian cells.

Nuclear localization of γ-tubulin affects E2F transcriptional activity and S-phase progression

Decision-makers and the usefulness of research evidence in policy implementation--a case study from Lao PDR.

Recently there has been an increasing focus on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) within global health governance discussions due to the escalation of NCDs worldwide. However, NCDs have yet to be prioritised on the global agenda. The challenges of political prioritisation are analysed with a focus on legitimation strategies and how an issue area is legitimised in relation to various groups in society, i.e. between ‘authors’ and ‘audiences’ of governance. This article identifies a number of legitimation challenges, such as the difficulties of defining the issue area and communicating it to several audiences with different needs, interests, and perceptions of what is to be prioritised. Other challenges concern the composition of actors in the field, weak legislative frameworks, and vested interests that are both part of the problem as well as the solution. These challenges are played out through normative structures, politics, and power relations, which together affect priority setting in global health.

Kristina Jönsson

Papers

Responsibility and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals

Translating Foreign Ideas into Domestic Practices: Pharmaceutical Policies in Laos and Vietnam

Nuclear localization of γ-tubulin affects E2F transcriptional activity and S-phase progression

Decision-makers and the usefulness of research evidence in policy implementation--a case study from Lao PDR.

Legitimation Challenges in Global Health Governance: The Case of Non-Communicable Diseases