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The Eyes Of The Skin Architecture And The Senses

Carlo Ginzburg is a noted historian of the early modern period who has published on a wide variety of topics related to shamanism, early modern folk beliefs, and historical methodology. He is best ...

Threads and Traces: True False Fictive

Ethics in conservation and the relation between theoretical guidelines and their application in real life is the comprehensive subject of this study. Choices of materials in conservation, whether traditional or modern products are, or should be, preferred and issues regarding the basis on which such choices are, or should be, made are problems relating to the level of applicability of theoretical programmes in real life. The ancient techniques, encaustic painting and ganosis, are at focus and the materials used for such painting and coating have been studies. The principal material is beeswax, used in its natural, or raw state as paint, or transformed into saponified wax, i.e. Punic as, either as paint or as a surface coating. These techniques are related to Fayum portraits with Roman wall painting, and with Hellenistic and Roman polychrome statuary as a coating. The materials beewax and natron, are studied and described as well as the relation between these paints and preparations. Some pigments used during Antiquity, relevant in this study, are briefly descrubed. Ancient and modern interpretations of the terms encausto an ganosis have been studied. Issues concerning whether or not materials and techniques might be accepted in professional conservation and modern building construction are discussed. Experiments have been made with the intention of reconstructing these ancient materials and techniques and testing their applicability in modern environments, aiming at reducing negative factors for the environment and health . Finally, theories have been exposed to situations in real life, and the results are presented in six case studies. -- ICCROM

Encausto and ganosis: beeswax as paint and coating during the Roman Era and its applicability in modern art, craft and conservation

Roof Frames from the 11th to the 19th Century: Typology and development in Northern France and in Belgium: Analysis of CRMH Documentation

The aim of this study was to find ways of evaluating support methods used in textile conservation. A questionnaire completed by workshops in Sweden and abroad served to identify the most commonly used method of costume support and the main criteria used in determining the success of a conservation treatment. The most common method is for a support to be inserted between the outer fabric and lining and sewn on by laid thread couching. The most important conservation requirements are for the results to be aesthetically attractive and to provide good support. Standard weave silk and woollen fabrics were aged and then conserved using the above method. Five different mechanical testing procedures were then performed corresponding to the different stresses a costume might suffer: abrasion resistance, flexometer abrasion, flexometer bending, shear stiffness and tensile strength. The methods for abrasion resistance and tensile strength testing proved to be suitable to allow a comparison between different methods of support. Firmer significant conclusions, however, require a larger corpus of material.

Ageing and Conservation of Silk - Evaluation of Three Support Methods Using Artificiallay Aged Silk

This thesis explores mid-twelfth century church architectures in west Sweden. The architectures are investigated in the light of a case, five parish churches’ naves, in particular their attics and surviving mid-twelfth century roofs. Working from the insight that these roofs were most likely visible from the rooms below, the thesis presents in-depth analysis of the sites, buildings, and their organisation of forms and volumes. The archaeological evidence is approached with architectural perspectives, and the study brings together a partly new view of the mid-twelfth century church architectures. The churches’ attics and roofs have seldom been in the focus in studies that interpret the historical church architectures. Thus, even if the uniquely old roofs are well preserved, we understand only fragments of how they may have been significant. The naves were created in a period before we have specific documentary evidence. Thus, as a study system, the idea that the archaeological physical remains establish ‘iterated, performed, articulations’ guide the work throughout. The physical evidence is approached with architectural perspectives. The historical architectures are viewed as a matrix for peoples’ beings and doings, which means that the architectures were both essential, present ‘everywhere’, and routine, ‘everyday’. The thesis presents relationships between the remains and architectural perspectives. Based on investigations in the buildings, and a 3D laser scan of one church, the analysis first focus on walls and roofs respectively and thereafter explores relationships between these. The interpretations show that the naves’ masonry walls formed a firm and ‘cave-like’ setting, and that the roofs contrasted with a light and ‘lively’ character. The roof in one nave, in Gökhems’ church, articulates or marks ‘zones’ in the room below, interpreted as the ‘west’, ‘middle’ and ‘east’. Thereafter the thesis focus attention on four architectural themes in a sequence of events, i.e. ‘discovery and approach’, ‘portal and doorway’, ‘entry and exploration’ and finally, ‘recalled in visual memory’. In these, the focus is on the same church in Gökhem however, some investigations connect to stave churches in Norway, as well as to a woven picture of a church, in a tapestry from north Sweden. In the last part, the thesis cast light on some important subsequent changes. The results provides a basis for future projects, pointing to the importance of the wooden built remains in Sweden and Norway, working from ‘site topology’, and analysis of medieval built environment from the viewpoint of preserved textiles. The five churches are part of a Swedish national heritage and they were, together with many other small churches in Sweden, extensively restored during the twentieth century. In this process, they lost some of their local diversity. As we now try to fit these monuments, which have a national identity, into an increasingly complex world with many identities, new understandings of the churches’ varying pasts are important. The thesis seeks to strengthen archaeological and architectural perspectives within conservation, and argues to include roofs as particularly significant, in future monument assessments.

Kristina Linscott

Papers

Interpretations of old wood. Figuring mid-twelfth century church architecture in west Sweden