This review offers a systematic understanding about how polyphenols target multiple inflammatory components and lead to anti-inflammatory mechanisms. It provides a clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action of phenolic compounds. Polyphenols regulate immunity by interfering with immune cell regulation, proinflammatory cytokines’ synthesis, and gene expression. They inactivate NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and modulate mitogen-activated protein Kinase (MAPk) and arachidonic acids pathways. Polyphenolic compounds inhibit phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/AkT), inhibitor of kappa kinase/c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (IKK/JNK), mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) which is a protein complex that controls protein synthesis, and JAK/STAT. They can suppress toll-like receptor (TLR) and pro-inflammatory genes’ expression. Their antioxidant activity and ability to inhibit enzymes involved in the production of eicosanoids contribute as well to their anti-inflammation properties. They inhibit certain enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species ROS production like xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase (NOX) while they upregulate other endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (Px). Furthermore, they inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) leading to a reduction in the production of prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) and inflammation antagonism. The effects of these biologically active compounds on the immune system are associated with extended health benefits for different chronic inflammatory diseases. Studies of plant extracts and compounds show that polyphenols can play a beneficial role in the prevention and the progress of chronic diseases related to inflammation such as diabetes, obesity, neurodegeneration, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions.

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The Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Role of Polyphenols.

Legumes and cereals contain high amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients but also anti-nutritional factors. Major anti-nutritional factors, which are found in edible crops include saponins, tannins, phytic acid, gossypol, lectins, protease inhibitors, amylase inhibitor, and goitrogens. Anti-nutritional factors combine with nutrients and act as the major concern because of reduced nutrient bioavailability. Various other factors like trypsin inhibitors and phytates, which are present mainly in legumes and cereals, reduce the digestibility of proteins and mineral absorption. Anti-nutrients are one of the key factors, which reduce the bioavailability of various components of the cereals and legumes. These factors can cause micronutrient malnutrition and mineral deficiencies. There are various traditional methods and technologies, which can be used to reduce the levels of these anti-nutrient factors. Several processing techniques and methods such as fermentation, germination, debranning, autoclaving, soaking etc. are used to reduce the anti-nutrient contents in foods. By using various methods alone or in combinations, it is possible to reduce the level of anti-nutrients in foods. This review is focused on different types of anti-nutrients, and possible processing methods that can be used to reduce the level of these factors in food products. A brief overview of beneficial effects of anti-nutrients and reduction strategy.

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Plant food anti-nutritional factors and their reduction strategies: an overview

Anthocyanins are naturally occurring molecules belonging to the flavonoid class characterized by the presence of chromophores. Apart from their well-known antioxidant activity, they show a wide variety of health-promoting properties for human health, ranging from cytoprotective, antimicrobial and antitumour activities to neuroprotective, anti-obesity and lipidomic potential, properties for which anthocyanins have been prescribed as medicines in several countries for thousands of years. Despite this, these phytochemicals have received less attention than other flavonoids, and there is still a gap in the literature, particularly regarding pharmacological and toxicological aspects. Moreover, epidemiological evidence suggests a direct correlation between anthocyanin intake and a lower incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases. In light of this, the aim of this review is to cover the current literature on anthocyanins, their biological in vitro and in vivo effects and their potential therapeutic applications, as well as their bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, all of which are essential to gain a better understanding of their biological effectiveness and potential toxicity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chemistry, Pharmacology and Health Benefits of Anthocyanins.

Inhibitory kinetics and mechanism of kaempferol on α-glucosidase

Recently, due to their biological properties, polyphenol-rich functional foods have been proposed to be unique supplementary and nutraceutical treatments for diabetes mellitus. Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes using natural products (especially polyphenols) is a novel oral policy to regulate carbohydrate metabolism and hyperglycemia. The present study aims to evaluate the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 26 polyphenols using molecular docking and virtual screening studies. The results speculate that among selected compounds caffeic acid, curcumin, cyanidin, daidzein, epicatechin, eridyctiol, ferulic acid, hesperetin, narenginin, pinoresinol, quercetin, resveratrol and syringic acid can significantly inhibit the α-glucosidase enzyme. In addition, catechin, hesperetin, kaempferol, silibinin and pelargonidin are potent α-amylase inhibitors. Therefore the primary structure of polyphenols can change the inhibitory effect versus the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Finally, we speculate that consumption of polyphenol-rich functional foods (by considering the best dose of each compound and assessing their possible side effects) in diabetic patients may be useful for regulating carbohydrate metabolism and related disorders. The findings of the current study may also shed light on a way of generating a new class of amylase/glucosidase inhibitors that will discriminately inhibit the on-target enzymes with negligible undesired off-target side effects.

Differential α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of plant-derived phenolic compounds: a virtual screening perspective for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.

Diabetes is a common metabolic disease characterized by abnormally high plasma glucose levels, leading to major complications, such as diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases. One of the effective managements of diabetes mellitus, in particular, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) to decrease postprandial hyperglycemia, is to retard the absorption of glucose by inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase, in the digestive organs. α-Glucosidase is the key enzyme catalyzing the final step in the digestive process of carbohydrates. Hence, α-glucosidase inhibitors can retard the liberation of d-glucose from dietary complex carbohydrates and delay glucose absorption, resulting in reduced postprandial plasma glucose levels and suppression of postprandial hyperglycemia. In recent years, many efforts have been made to identify effective α-glucosidase inhibitors from natural sources in order to develop a physiologic functional food or lead compounds for use against diabetes. Many α-glucosidase inhibitors that are phytoconstituents, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids,anthocyanins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, and so on, have been isolated from plants. In the present review, we focus on the constituents isolated from different plants having α-glucosidase inhibitory potency along with IC50 values.

α-glucosidase inhibitors from plants: A natural approach to treat diabetes.

In the present study, we have performed the in-silico study of SARS-CoV-2 structure with different herbal compounds of medicinal importance We selected four aviral key proteins of SARS-CoV-2 /astructure i e ACE-2 Receptor, Main Protease (Mpro), APO Form, Cryo- electron microscopy structure for the Molecular docking followed by the molecular dynamic simulation Using this simple in silico approach based on the molecular docking and aMD simulation /aof protein and phytochemicals, we have identified potential lead candidates for the development of low cost nutraceuticals, which can be used against SARS-CoV-2 virus Our analysis suggested that phytochemicals obtained from iPhyllanthus emblicaand iAzadirachta indicahave the highest potential to bind with ACE2 receptor or main protease of SARS-CoV-2, inhibiting the protease enzymatic activity The lead compounds of herbal origin were docked and simulated on viral key proteins of SARS-CoV-2 structure to evaluate the binding affinity of these phytochemicals along with the type of interaction and its stability in terms of aRMSD/a and aRamachandran plot/a Further, these results were also verified by drug likeness properties by using SwissADME software Overall, our results suggest that out of 14 herbal compounds, Nimbolide and Withaferin-A has great potential to be developed as low-cost nutraceuticals against SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is the need of hour

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Computational Studies Towards Identification of Lead Herbal Compounds of Medicinal Importance for Development of Nutraceutical Against COVID-19

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disabling illness that is currently managed primarily by pharmacotherapy and CBT. Though results are good, there is significant number of patients resistant to existing modalities of treatment. TMS is a relatively newer technique of treatment, which has shown effectiveness in treatment of OCD patients, both new and those resistant to other treatments. This update aims to look into the application of rTMS in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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An Update of the Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

pIt is evident from the on-going clinical studies (trials) for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that treatment with a single drug is not likely to be sufficient This, in turn, suggests that the drug acts via inhibition of multiple pathways likely to be more successful and promising Keeping this hypothesis intact, the present study describes for the first-time, Grazoprevir, an FDA approved anti-viral drug primarily approved for HCV, mediated multiple pathway control via synergistic inhibition of viral entry targeting host cell Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE- 2)/transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and viral replication targeting RNA-dependent, RNA polymerase (RdRP) We believe that Grazoprevir either alone or given in combination could be effective therapeutics for treatment of COVID-19 pandemic with a promise of unlikely drug resistance owing to multiple inhibition of eukaryotic and viral proteins / / / /div

Simultaneous Inhibition of Entry and Replication of Novel Corona Virus by Grazoprevir: A Computational Drug Repurposing Study

The goal of realizing human rights is fundamental to the global fight against AIDS. And in a world facing a terrible epidemic - one that has already spread further, faster and to more devastating effect than any other in human history - winning the fight against AIDS is a precondition for achieving rights worth enjoying. ""

Kumar

Papers

α-glucosidase inhibitors from plants: A natural approach to treat diabetes.

Computational Studies Towards Identification of Lead Herbal Compounds of Medicinal Importance for Development of Nutraceutical Against COVID-19

An Update of the Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Simultaneous Inhibition of Entry and Replication of Novel Corona Virus by Grazoprevir: A Computational Drug Repurposing Study

Human rights: An axis in the global HIV I AIDS struggle