Synthesis, thermal behavior and kinetic study of N-morpholinium dicationic ionic liquids by thermogravimetry

The effect of the auxin physiological analogues analogues 1-[2-chloroethoxycarbonylmethyl]-4-naphthalenesulfonic acid calcium salt (TA-12) and 1-[2-dimethylaminoethoxicarbonylmethyl]naphthalene chlormethylate (TA-14) TA-14 on different winter rapeseed cultivars were studied with regard to their autumnal growth, cold hardening, accumulation of the stress-protective metabolites proline and saccharide in plant organs: apical bud and root collum, winter survival and productivity formation. The test cultivars were the very early ‘Libea’ medium-resistant to wintering, the medium-early ‘Sunday’ resistant to wintering, the medium–early ‘Valesca’ less than medium resistant to wintering, and the early ‘Hornet’ (hybrid) tolerant to stress growth conditions. During the period of cold hardening in natural field conditions, the test compounds TA-12 (2 mM) and TA-14 (4 mM), applied to different winter rapeseed cultivars at the 4th–5th leaf stage, stimulate accumulation proline and saccharides (sucrose and glucose) in the root collum and apical bud tissues, influence plants acclimation to cold, overwintering and productivity formation. Compounds TA-12 and especially TA-14 produced a stable effect on seed and crude fat yield in cvs. ‘Hornet’, ‘Sunday’ and ‘Libea’. The genotypic peculiarities of a cultivar and the meteorological conditions of the plant vegetation period were the factors that mostly determined fatty acid content in seed oil.

Effect of auxin physiological analogues on rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) cold hardening, seed yield and quality

One of the main tasks of modern plant physiology is regulation of growth and development of cultivated plants in order to optimize the productive process. The attention of the scientific community is focused on the use of natural activators and growth inhibitors. We investigated the effect of foliar treatment with 0.005% solution of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.025% solution of the antigibberellic preparation tebuconazole (EW-250) on morphogenesis, leaf mesostructure, the content of photosynthetic pigments, the balance of endogenous phytohormones and productivity of Capsicum annuum L., Antey variety. The vegetation experiment was carried out in the conditions of soil-sand culture in vessels with a volume of 10 L. Treatment of plants was carried out in the budding phase. Morphometric parameters were determined every 10 days. The mesostructure of the middle tier leaves was studied in the fruit formation phase, and the chlorophyll content was determined in the raw material by spectrophotometric method. Analytical determination of endogenous phytohormones – indolyl-3-acetic (IAA), gibberellic (GA3) and abscisic (ABA) acids and cytokinins – zeatin (Z), zeatin-O-glucoside (ZG), zeatinribozide (ZR), isopentenyladenine (iP) and isopentenyladenosine (iPA) were performed by high performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). With GA3 treatment, plant height increased considerably, while with EW-250, it decreased. Both regulators led to an increase in the number of leaves on the plant, the leaf raw biomass, stems and roots and the dry matter of the whole plant, the area of a single leaf blade and the total area of leaves on the plant. Under the action of EW-250, the chlorophyll content in the leaves surged, while under the action of GA3 it tended to decrease or did not change at all. Both regulators thickened the chlorenchyma and boosted the volume of the columnar parenchyma cells. GA3 treatment induced a rise in the thickness of the upper and lower epidermis, and EW-250 led, on the contrary, to a decrease. It is shown that after treatment with exogenous GA3, the content of endogenous IAA and ABA decreased and GA3 in plant stems increased. Instead, EW-250 caused a decrease in the levels of GA3, IAA and ABA in the stems. Exogenous GA3 enhanced the accumulation of endogenous GA3 and IAA and inhibited ABA in the leaves. Under the action of the retardant, the level of ABA in the leaves did not change, while GA3 and IAA decreased. Treatment of plants with the studied growth regulators caused a decrease in the pool of cytokinins (CK) in stems. EW-250 showed a significant rise in the hormone content in the leaves. After spraying with GA3 solution, the level of ZG, Z and ZR grew. Under the action of the retardant, the increase in the CK pool occurred exclusively due to the iP. Growth regulators optimized the productivity of sweet pepper plants: under the action of GA3 there was an increase in the number of fruits per plant, and after the use of EW-250 there was a rise in the average weight of one fruit. The obtained results showed that anatomical-morphological and structural-functional rearrangements of sweet pepper plants under the action of exogenous gibberellic acid and EW-250 took place against the background of changes in the balance and distribution of endogenous hormones. Increased photosynthetic activity, stimulation of growth processes of some plant organs and inhibition of others enlarged biological productivity of the culture.

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Morphogenesis, pigment content, phytohormones and productivity of eggplants under the action of gibberellin and tebuconazole

Effects of triazolium compounds (paclobutrazol, uniconazole, and azovit), applied under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, on growth of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L., cvs. Moskovskii 2 and Zazerskii 85) and ABA content in their tissues were studied for the first time. At various application techniques, the retardants suppressed growth of axial organs, promoted thickening and strengthening of lower internodes, and caused a considerable increase in ABA content. These changes were observed already on the next day after spraying plants with retardants and maintained for two weeks after the spraying treatment. At the same time, the retardant action sustained for 42 days when the retardants were applied to soil. The triazoles had positive effects on plant productivity characteristics, such as the number of filled grains in the main spike, total weight of grain per plant (grain collected from the main and lateral spikes), and the weight of 1000 grains. It was concluded that the retardant effect of triazoles on spring barley plants is related to elevated ABA content in plant tissues over a prolonged growth period.

Abscisic acid content and growth of spring barley plants treated with triazoles

The effect of growth regulators - derivatives of the diethylamine chloride 3-DEC and morpholinium chloride 17-DMC - on the growth and productivity of the winter oilseed rape 'Kasimir F1' was studied. 3-DEC and 17-DMC have been found to exert positive effect on the growth and development of the oilseed rape 'Kasimir F1' in autumn: it induced the growth of root collum, accumulation of monosaccharides in its tissues, leaf and root system formation, enhanced the endurance of this culture to wintering. Under the effect of these compounds applied in spring, stem growth was retarded and stem diameter as well as stem primary cortex ring and stele width increased, resulting in enhanced endurance to lodging. Thus, the compounds 3-DEC and 17- DMC, by modifying oilseed rape growth in autumn and influencing oilseed rape growth in spring, influenced the development of productivity elements. The extra seed yield under the effect of 3-DEC (250 g ha -1 ) and 17-DMC (500 g ha -1 ) in autumn was 350 and 455 kg ha -1 , and in spring 496 and 406 kg ha -1 , the control yield being 2,300 kg ha -1 .

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Possibilities to use growth regulators in winter oilseed rape growing technology 1. The effect of retardant analogues on oilseed rape growth

The effect of 17-dimethylmorpholinium chloride (17-DMC), a quaternary ammonium salt, on stem growth and productivity of spring rape (Brassica napus L, cv Star), and on phytohormone content in stem tissues was studied We found that the effects of 17-DMC on stem growth (inhibition of linear growth, development of anatomical structure and mechanical properties) were manifested as the changes in stem hormonal balance, particularly, in a decrease in the contents of GA, zeatin, and IAA and an increase in the ABA content Seed weight increased due to the retarding effect of 17-DMC on stem growth and the promotion of silique and seed development

Effect of 17-DMC on phytohormone level and growth of rapeseed plants (Brassica napus)

Relations between the chemical structure of new analogs of dimethylmorpholinium chloride (DMC) and their growth retardant activity were investigated. Some of these substances exerted a specific impact on the growth of individual organs in monocot (Triticum aestivum L., Hordeum vulgare ssp. distichon (L.) Koern.) and dicot (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Brassica napus L.) plants. Within the group of bis-quaternary ammonium salts, the derivatives of N-methylmorpholinium (1-DMC) and N-benzylmorpholinium (3-DMC) manifested high retardant activity on growth of barley and wheat plants. The molecules of these compounds comprise the chain of two methylene groups bridging the nitrogen atoms. An N-acetylmorpholinium derivative 17-DMC, with nitrogen atoms in morpholinium rings linked by two methylene groups with a CHOH group between them, produced a physiological effect on rape and kidney bean plants.

L. Miliuvien

Papers

Effect of 17-DMC on phytohormone level and growth of rapeseed plants (Brassica napus)

Dimethylmorpholinium Chloride Analogs and Their Effect on Plants