The argument on behalf of women offenders was made at least four decades ago at the National Conference on Corrections convened by then President Richard Nixon in response to the 1971 Attica Prison riots. Among many speakers, Dr. Edith Flynn delivered the only address on women offenders. In “The Special Problems of Female Prisoners,” Dr. Flynn noted that female prisoners were largely ignored. She supported her assertion with reference to the then-recent President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967), noting that not a “single paragraph or statistic on the female offender could be found in any of the material” (Flynn, 1971:113). She asserted further that the prevailing theories of criminal behavior were inapplicable to women and that the resulting lack of information had adverse implications for managing and treating female offenders. In the intervening years, research has put forward a clearer picture of how women become involved in the justice system and what their treatment needs are when they get there. However, there is clear reason to lament the arduously slow pace in which emerging evidence is impacting policies and front-line practices and services for women (Belknap, 2007; Belknap and Holsinger, 2006; Blanchette and Brown, 2006; Bloom, Owen, and Covington, 2003; Chesney-Lind, 2000; Holtfreter, Reisig, and Morash, 2004; Messina, Grella, Cartier, and Torres, 2010; Reisig, Holtfreter, and Morash, 2006; VanDieten, 2011; VanVoorhis, 2009). Attempts to fill the knowledge gap observed by Dr. Flynn were addressed initially by surveys of correctional programs (Glick and Neto, 1977) and of women offenders (U.S. Government and Accounting Office [GAO], 1979).Several classic qualitative studies followed over the ensuing decades (Arnold, 1990; Bloom, 1996; Chesney-Lind and

On Behalf of Women Offenders

Positive psychology has been criticized for ignoring issues relevant to disenfranchised populations. This article presents the results of a 17-year review of the current state of theory and research in positive psychology with respect to issues related to gender, race, and ethnicity, representing an effort to evaluate the extent to which these criticisms are true and to explore how the field can be more inclusive in the future. A systematic review of the literature in positive psychology since the inception of the field in 1998 through 2014 was conducted, and content analyses were used to assess how issues of gender, race, and ethnicity have been examined. The findings reveal that although women are overrepresented as participants in empirical studies, they are underrepresented as first authors, and discussions of issues relevant to women and gender are relatively scarce. Further, empirical research studies conducted across the world are based largely on White samples, and there is little research focused on race and ethnicity or individuals at the intersections of gender, race, and ethnicity. More organized research is needed to develop a diverse science of positive psychology. To conceptualize possible future directions for research and explore opportunities for diversity, key definitions of positive psychology are revisited and lessons are drawn from exemplary articles attending to issues of gender, race, and ethnicity. Four pathways for conducting future research are recommended as ways to expand opportunities for engaging diversity in positive psychology.

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Expanding Opportunities For Diversity in Positive Psychology: An Examination of Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1492&context=masters_theses

The Gender of Participants in Published Research Involving People with Autism Spectrum Disorders

The paper reviews the evidence for vulnerability in women with learning disabilities to a range of physical and mental health problems, with special emphasis on menstruation. It goes on to describe a qualitative research project on the experience of learning‐disabled women in relation to menstruation, and concludes by emphasising the need for services to communicate information on this subject in more sensitive and appropriate ways.

Understanding our Bodies, Understanding Ourselves: The Menstrual Cycle, Mental Health and Women with Learning Disabilities

We examined the species used as subjects in every article published in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) from 1958 through 2013 We also determined the sex of subjects in every article with human subjects (N = 524) and in an equal number of randomly selected articles with nonhuman subjects, as well as the general type of experimental designs used Finally, the percentage of articles reporting an inferential statistic was determined at 5-year intervals In all, 35,317 subjects were studied in 3,084 articles; pigeons ranked first and humans second in number used Within-subject experimental designs were more popular than between-subjects designs regardless of whether human or nonhuman subjects were studied but were used in a higher percentage of articles with nonhumans (754 %) than in articles with humans (682 %) The percentage of articles reporting an inferential statistic has increased over time, and more than half of the articles published in 2005 and 2010 reported one Researchers who publish in JEAB frequently depart from Skinner’s preferred research strategy, but it is not clear whether such departures are harmful Finally, the sex of subjects was not reported in a sizable percentage of articles with both human and nonhuman subjects This is an unfortunate oversight

JEAB Research Over Time: Species Used, Experimental Designs, Statistical Analyses, and Sex of Subjects.

Overall, 35 percent of the articles published in Journal of School Psychology, School Psychology International, School Psychology Quarterly and School Psychology Review from 1985 through 1999 that used participants failed to report whether they were female or male. Three, six and 56 percent of articles with participants used only females, only males, and both females and males, respectively. The failure of many articles to specify the sex of participants is a potentially serious problem. Unless the sex of participants is reported, one cannot ascertain to whom results should generalize or whether the sex of participants affects the variable under investigation. For these and other reasons, we recommend that researchers routinely specify how many of their participants are males and how many are females. This information requires little space to report and in most cases is easy to obtain.

Females and Males as Participants in School Psychology Research Data from Four Journals over 15 Years

This book comprises 17 chapters that deal with a variety of topics related to cocaine and its abuse. Several of the chapters are excellent, and the book in its totality contains a wealth of information. These are major strengths. On the down side, some important topics are ignored, the relevance of several chapters to cocaine abuse is not apparent, and the various chapters are not well integrated. We recommend Cocaine Abuse as a reference volume for scientists with specific training in the areas that it covers. But we do not recommend it for cover-to-cover reading as an overview of cocaine abuse.

Lanai Jennings

Papers

Females and Males as Participants in School Psychology Research Data from Four Journals over 15 Years

A review of cocaine abuse: behavior, pharmacology, and clinical applications, edited by s. t. higgins and j. l. katz