The theory of affordances

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 521 82347 1 hardback ISBN 0 521 53032 6 paperback Contents List of tables page vii Preface to the second edition ix Preface to the first edition xii 1 Why a global language? 1 What is a global language? 3 What makes a global language? 7 Why do we need a global language? 11 What are the dangers of a global language? 14 Could anything stop a global language? 25 A critical era 27 2 Why English? The historical context 29 Origins 30 America 31 Canada 36 The Caribbean 39 Australia and New Zealand 40 South Africa 43 South Asia 46 Former colonial Africa 49 Southeast Asia and the South Pacific 54 A world view 59 v Contents

English as a global language

Acknowledgements Introduction PART ONE - BACKGROUND Introduction 1. Second language acquisition research: an overview PART TWO - THE DESCRIPTION OF LEARNER LANGUAGE Introduction 2. Learner errors and error analysis 3. Developmental patterns: order and sequence in second language acquisition 4. Variability in learner language 5. Pragmatic aspects of learner language PART THREE - EXPLAINING SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: EXTERNAL FACTORS Introduction 6. Social factors and second language acquisition 7. Input and interaction and second language acquisition PART FOUR - EXPLAINING SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: INTERNAL FACTORS Introduction 8. Language transfer 9. Cognitive accounts of second language acquisition 10. Linguistic universals and second language acquisition PART FIVE - EXPLAINING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Introduction 11. Individual learner differences 12. Learning strategies PART SIX - CLASSROOM SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Introduction 13. Classroom interaction and second language acquisition 14. Formal instruction and second language acquisition PART SEVEN - CONCLUSION Introduction 15. Data, theory, and applications in second language acquisition research Glossary Bibliography Author index Subject index

第二语言习得研究 = The study of second language acquisition

Kim, Hyesouk. 2004. Theories and Developments of Sociolinguistics. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 12(1). The purpose of this article is to understand a current status of sociolinguistics by reviewing previous studies and attempting to see the future of the discipline as linguistics. As Milroy and Milroy (1990:485) have defined, sociolinguistics is "the study of language as it is used by real speakers in social and situational contexts of use." It has four characteristics. (1)Those who study sociolinguistics are linguists but they have great interests in adding social variables to pure linguistics. Sociolinguists believe that criteria of correct language usage be based upon not only pure grammatical standards but also societal norms in terms of its relevance and general acceptance. (2)The goal of sociolinguistics is to identify a co-variance between language and society and to establish a theory of language performance. (3)Sociolinguistics regards synchronical and diachronical traits as an identical frame. (4)Sociolingustics pays attention to language usage in societal contexts and extends language competence, which is the main subject of pure linguistics, to communicative competence. D. Hymes predicts that the core areas of linguistics is actually sociolinguistics and, thus, the prefix 'socio' will not be necessary. Although we still have that prefix, it is true that sociolingusitics has already had its own identity and is growing rapidly as an independent discipline. In conclusion, this paper argues that sociolinguistics will receive more attention from linguists and play a key role in linguistics by explaining variation in language more systematically, and by interpreting and eliminating language conflict in everyday life.

사회언어학(Sociolinguistics)의 이론과 전개

List of tables Preface 1. Languages and emotions: what can a multilingual perspective contribute? 2. Emotions in the study of multilingualism: framing the questions 3. Vocal level: is the lady angry? 4. Semantic and conceptual levels: the bilingual mental lexicon 5. Discursive level: I feel zhalko tebia bednogo 6. Neurophysiological level: his coeur is where his feelings dwell 7. Social cognition: I no longer wanted to speak German 8. Emotions and multilingualism: an integrated perspective Appendices References Author index Subject index.

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Emotions and Multilingualism

This paper aims to show that the development of multilingualism in the world has reached a point where, in terms of scale and significance, it is comparable with and assimilable to politico-economic aspects of globalisation, global mobility and ‘postmodern’ modes of thinking. The paper situates multilingualism in its relationship with the most dramatic social changes currently occurring in the world, notably the transformation of the experience of time and space, as well as global mobility, which has resulted in unprecedented diversity and heterogeneity in the populations of individual countries and regions. It argues that multilingualism is the ineluctable concomitant of all dimensions of globalisation and that the application in the relevant literature of the notion of a new linguistic dispensation to recent shifts in the language/society interface is entirely justified by the facts. Finally, taking an historical perspective, it seeks to make a case for the claim that, although multilingual ind...

Multilingualism as a New Linguistic Dispensation

In this paper we propose a perspective on multiple language acquisition based on Gibson's theory of affordances. We suggest that the experiential profile of multilingual learners provides them with especially favourable conditions to develop awareness of the social and cognitive possibilities which their particular situation affords them. We review some evidence which is interpretable as indicating that (1) multilinguals differ from monolinguals not only in terms of their internalized knowledge of their languages and their capacity to deploy skills in these languages, but also in terms of an expanded and deepened language awareness, and (2) they tend to exploit the full array of their multilingual resources in language learning and language use. We conclude that further exploration of Gibson's theory of affordances in this connection could contribute usefully towards an enhancement of the organization of language teaching and learning for multilinguals, which optimally ought to make use of multilingual le...

Multiple Language Learning in the Light of the Theory of Affordances

Joshua Aaron Fishman (July 18, 1926– ) is one of the most influential figures in American and world sociolinguistics of the second half of the 20th and of the 21st century He is the founder of the sociology of language as a separate field of research As one of the founding figures of sociolinguistics, he has made a substantial contribution as a thinker, editor, and theorist He influenced several main fields of inquiry: language planning, language revitalization and maintenance, bilingualism and multilingualism, small languages and globalization Among his 85 books, many monographs, and hundreds of articles and chapters are seminal works on language and ethnicity, language and religion, bilingual education, sociology of Jewish languages, Yiddish, medical anthropology, and test construction


Keywords:

endangered languages;
language maintenance;
language planning;
language policy;
language revitalization;
heritage languages

Fishman, Joshua A.

Chapter 1. Exploring Multilingualism in Cultural Contexts: Towards a Notion of Multilinguality

Not all the constituents of societal or individual multilingualism (speaker, language, context and environment) have been researched equally to date. Multilingualism studies up to this juncture have theorised environment mostly as milieu, conceptualised usually in terms of people, i.e. community, family, school populations. Heretofore, the material culture of multilingualism has remained largely unresearched. This is surprising, since the environment of multilinguals is replete with material artefacts and objects (including technologically-enabled materialities) that represent their past and present real-life realities and which both reflect and influence languages and change language-related practices. Complementing present approaches to understanding the ecology of the multilingual environment in linguistic landscape research, this theoretical paper demonstrates that a study of materiality as a representation of its users is of considerable benefit to research approaches to multilingualism.

Larissa Aronin

Papers

Multilingualism as a New Linguistic Dispensation

Multiple Language Learning in the Light of the Theory of Affordances

Fishman, Joshua A.

Chapter 1. Exploring Multilingualism in Cultural Contexts: Towards a Notion of Multilinguality

The material culture of multilingualism: moving beyond the linguistic landscape