J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Crystal Engineering and Organometallic Architecture.

Statistical analysis of structural data and detailed inspection of individual crystal structures culled from the Cambridge Structural Database and the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank show that covalently bound fluorine (in contrast to anionic fluoride) hardly ever acts as a hydrogen-bond acceptor. The weakness of covalently bound fluorine as hydrogen-bond acceptor is backed by results of new molecular orbital calculations on model systems using ab initio intermolecular perturbation theory (IMPT), and is in accord with results of other physicochemical studies and with the physical properties of fluorinated organic compounds. Factors influencing the strength of hydrogen bonding in extended systems are discussed.

Organic Fluorine Hardly Ever Accepts Hydrogen Bonds

Polymorphs are different crystalline modifications of the same chemical substance. When different conformers of the same molecule occur in different crystal forms, the phenomenon is termed conformational polymorphism. Occasionally, more than one conformer is present in the same crystal structure. The influence of molecular conformation changes on the formation and stability of polymorphs is the focus of this Account. X-ray crystal structures of conformational polymorphs were analyzed to understand the interplay of intramolecular (conformer) and intermolecular (lattice) energy in the crystallization and stability of polymorphs. Polymorphic structures stabilized by strong O−H···O/N−H···O hydrogen bonds, weak C−H···O interactions, and close packing were considered. 4,4-Diphenyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (1) and bis(p-tolyl) ketone p-tosylhydrazone (3) are prototypes of C−H···O and N−H···O hydrogen-bonded structures. Distance−angle scatter plots of O−H···O and C−H···O hydrogen bonds extracted from the Cambridge St...

Conformational polymorphism in organic crystals.

Polymorphism − A Perspective

Anomalous space-group frequencies for monoalcohols CnHmOH

The phases of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,3-naphthalenediol (or 2,3-tetralindiol) and of 1,2-cyclohexanediol have been investigated. The structure of a very stable 1:1 compound (or co-crystal) of the cis and trans isomers of 2,3-tetralindiol, the existence of which has been known for nearly a century, has finally been determined. No evidence of any analogous compound between the cis and trans isomers of 1,2-cyclohexanediol has been found. The formation of solid-state compounds of stereoisomers is rare; it probably occurs only if the crystal packing of at least one of the isomers is unfavorable, e.g. if at least one of the melting points is lower than expected. Compound formation is usually unlikely because of the difficulty of simultaneously optimizing the translational spacings for both isomers, but that packing problem is avoided in the cis/trans compound of 2,3-tetralindiol because the two isomers are in very similar environments. In the structures of the individual 2,3-tetralindiol isomers there are clear conflicts between the competing packing requirements of the 1,2-diol moiety and the aromatic ring system; these conflicts are resolved better in the co-crystal than in the structures of the individual isomers.

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Solid-state compounds of stereoisomers: cis and trans isomers of 1,2-cyclohexanediol and 2,3-tetralindiol.

Molecules of 4,4′-dimethyl-2-hydroxy-6-oxocyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid, C9H12O4, crystallize at 295 K in a modulated superstructure with five half-molecules in the asymmetric unit; each molecule is located on one of the mirror planes of the space group Cmc21. Reflections with k ≠ 5n are systematically weak; a satisfactory refinement can be obtained in a Cmcm pseudocell having b′ = b/5. The important modulation involves small rotations of the molecules around axes perpendicular to the mirror plane; there is also an up/down disorder of the CMe2 fragment in four of the five molecules (two molecules with occupancy factors ca 4:1; two with occupancy factors ca 3:2). The modulation is a response to packing problems that can be traced to the differences between the thin, electron- and oxygen-rich `head' of the molecule and the thicker, methyl-rich `tail'. At 130 K the length of b is reduced by 2/5 and the Pmnb structure is ordered. Both structures can be described as modulated variants of the Cmcm substructure; the wavevectors are 2b′*/5 for the room-temperature structure and b′*/2 for the low-temperature structure, where b′* is the reciprocal axis of the subcell. The structure at room temperature can also be understood as a hybrid of the fully disordered pseudocell structure and the ordered structure that is found at low temperature.

Laura L. Duncan

Papers

Anomalous space-group frequencies for monoalcohols CnHmOH

Solid-state compounds of stereoisomers: cis and trans isomers of 1,2-cyclohexanediol and 2,3-tetralindiol.

Two phases of C9H12O4: why is the structure at 295 K so complicated?