Ethnologue: Languages of the World

Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics.

/pdf/yeongeoyi-neunggyeogseong-ergativity-2el2396dgf.pdf

영어의 능격성(Ergativity)

Human populations and their use of land have transformed most of the terrestrial biosphere into anthropogenic biomes (anthromes), causing a variety of novel ecological patterns and processes to emerge. To assess whether human populations and their use of land have directly altered the terrestrial biosphere sufficiently to indicate that the Earth system has entered a new geological epoch, spatially explicit global estimates of human populations and their use of land were analysed across the Holocene for their potential to induce irreversible novel transformation of the terrestrial biosphere. Human alteration of the terrestrial biosphere has been significant for more than 8000 years. However, only in the past century has the majority of the terrestrial biosphere been transformed into intensively used anthromes with predominantly novel anthropogenic ecological processes. At present, even were human populations to decline substantially or use of land become far more efficient, the current global extent, duration, type and intensity of human transformation of ecosystems have already irreversibly altered the terrestrial biosphere at levels sufficient to leave an unambiguous geological record differing substantially from that of the Holocene or any prior epoch. It remains to be seen whether the anthropogenic biosphere will be sustained and continue to evolve.

/pdf/anthropogenic-transformation-of-the-terrestrial-biosphere-4aar3lxalc.pdf

Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere

Hunter-Gatherers and Their Neighbors from Prehistory to the Present [and Comments and Replies]

It is widely assumed that modem hunter-gatherer societies lived until very recently in isolation from food-producing societies and states and practiced neither cultivation, pastoralism, nor trade. This paper brings together data suggesting a very different model of middle to late Holocene hunter-gatherer economy. It is argued that such foraging roups were heavily dependent upon both trade with food-producing populations and part-time cultivation or pastoralism. Recent publications on a number of huntergatherer societies establish that the symbiosis and desultory food production observed among them today are neither recent nor anomalous but represent an economy practiced by most huntergatherers for many hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Psychological and political reasons for Westerners' attachment o the myth of the \"Savage Other\" are discussed.

/pdf/hunter-gatherers-and-their-neighbors-from-prehistory-to-the-53d1trw0b8.pdf

Hunter-Gatherers and Their Neighbors from Prehistory To the Present

The Evolution of Focus in Austronesian

This paper is a brief statement of the typological characteristics of the syntactic structures of Philippine languages. It utilizes a lexicalist theoretical framework to provide comparability among the examples cited. The word order of both verbal and non-verbal predicational sentences is examined, with pronominal and non-pronominal complements, topicalization, and auxiliary verbs. Philippine languages are analyzed as morphologically ergative. The morphological criteria for determining the syntactic transitivity of verbal sentences are examined, concluding that verbal affixation alone is an insufficient criterion. Attention is paid to the notion of focus, rejecting the concept of voice as an explanation for the phenomenon. The various forms of syntactically transitive verbs that have been described by others, for example, as signaling agreement with the Nominative NP, are here described as carrying semantic features, marking the manner of their instantiation with reference to the Nominative NP. The structure of noun phrases is examined. Morphological case marking of NPs by Determiners is claimed for Genitive, Locative, and—for some languages—Oblique NPs, but it is claimed that for most languages, Nominative full NPs are case-marked only by word order. Semantic agreement features distinguishing forms of Determiners for common vs. personal, definiteness, specificity, spatial reference, and plurality of their head nouns are described. Relative clause formation strategies are described. Most are head-initial, with gapping of the Nominative NP. “Adjectives” in NP’s are typically relative clauses having stative verbs as predicates.

/pdf/a-brief-syntactic-typology-of-philippine-languages-1bd5asyfsa.pdf

A Brief Syntactic Typology of Philippine Languages

L'A. compare la morphologie de certaines langues austro-asiatiques et austronesiennes. Des similitudes sont mises en evidence dans les affixes derivationnels, les particules a fonction syntaxique et le systeme des pronoms

/pdf/morphological-evidence-for-austric-48bhtob2r8.pdf

Lawrence A. Reid

Papers

Hunter-Gatherers and Their Neighbors from Prehistory to the Present [and Comments and Replies]

Hunter-Gatherers and Their Neighbors from Prehistory To the Present

The Evolution of Focus in Austronesian

A Brief Syntactic Typology of Philippine Languages

Morphological evidence for austric