The chemistry of graphene oxide is discussed in this critical review Particular emphasis is directed toward the synthesis of graphene oxide, as well as its structure Graphene oxide as a substrate for a variety of chemical transformations, including its reduction to graphene-like materials, is also discussed This review will be of value to synthetic chemists interested in this emerging field of materials science, as well as those investigating applications of graphene who would find a more thorough treatment of the chemistry of graphene oxide useful in understanding the scope and limitations of current approaches which utilize this material (91 references)

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The chemistry of graphene oxide

An improved method for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) is described. Currently, Hummers’ method (KMnO4, NaNO3, H2SO4) is the most common method used for preparing graphene oxide. We have found that excluding the NaNO3, increasing the amount of KMnO4, and performing the reaction in a 9:1 mixture of H2SO4/H3PO4 improves the efficiency of the oxidation process. This improved method provides a greater amount of hydrophilic oxidized graphene material as compared to Hummers’ method or Hummers’ method with additional KMnO4. Moreover, even though the GO produced by our method is more oxidized than that prepared by Hummers’ method, when both are reduced in the same chamber with hydrazine, chemically converted graphene (CCG) produced from this new method is equivalent in its electrical conductivity. In contrast to Hummers’ method, the new method does not generate toxic gas and the temperature is easily controlled. This improved synthesis of GO may be important for large-scale production of GO as well as the ...

https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=54ca19b4cf57d79a768b4618&assetKey=AS%3A273691751976961%401442264606356

Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide

There is intense interest in graphene in fields such as physics, chemistry, and materials science, among others. Interest in graphene's exceptional physical properties, chemical tunability, and potential for applications has generated thousands of publications and an accelerating pace of research, making review of such research timely. Here is an overview of the synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene and related materials (primarily, graphite oxide and its colloidal suspensions and materials made from them), from a materials science perspective.

/pdf/graphene-and-graphene-oxide-synthesis-properties-and-2q80uaujok.pdf

Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

The reduction of graphene oxide

Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece, Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vass. Constantinou Avenue, 116 35 Athens, Greece, Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, UPR9021 CNRS, Immunologie et Chimie Therapeutiques, 67084 Strasbourg, France, and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy

Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes

NMR at the University of St. Thomas (TX): Cooperation and Collaboration with Rice University

The syntheses and characterization of fullerene hydrides prepared from C60 and C70 are reviewed. Methods of isolation and characterization are discussed, particularly MS and NMR, including 3He nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The higher hydrides are discussed in terms of novel structural features and their unusual spectroscopic properties.

The Synthesis and Characterization of Fullerene Hydrides

Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate $^1$H NMR $T_1$ relaxation of water from paramagnetic Gd$^{3+}$ ions in solution at 25$^{\circ}$C. Simulations of the $T_1$ relaxivity dispersion function $r_1$ computed from the Gd$^{3+}$--$^1$H dipole--dipole autocorrelation function agree within $\simeq 8$\% of measurements in the range $f_0 \simeq $ 5 $\leftrightarrow$ 500 MHz, without any adjustable parameters in the interpretation of the simulations, and without any relaxation models. The simulation results are discussed in the context of the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan inner-sphere relaxation model, and the Hwang-Freed outer-sphere relaxation model. Below $f_0 \lesssim $ 5 MHz, the simulation overestimates $r_1$ compared to measurements, which is used to estimate the zero-field electron-spin relaxation time. The simulations show potential for predicting $r_1$ at high frequencies in chelated Gd$^{3+}$ contrast-agents used for clinical MRI.

Lawrence B. Alemany

Papers

NMR at the University of St. Thomas (TX): Cooperation and Collaboration with Rice University

The Synthesis and Characterization of Fullerene Hydrides

Molecular dynamics simulations of $^1$H NMR relaxation in Gd$^{3+}$--aqua