Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) with traditional TCP/IP architecture cannot manage mobile nodes effectively. Inspired by information-centric networking (ICN), content-centric VANETs have emerged as a promising architecture to address the challenges of traditional IP-based communications in VANETs. However, several issues need to be solved with regard to this architecture. Among them, inflexible routing schemata based on IP addresses, inefficient traffic caused by network broadcast, and volatility in the network environment cause low network performance in VANETs. By focusing on the content routing of the VANETs, we propose a multiple unicast path-forwarding scheme, MUPF, in which we aim to build multiple stable unicast forwarding paths in content-centric VANETs. The main design concepts of MUPF are as follows: (1) By introducing the idea of ICN, we avoid using the fixed-communication “host-to-host” method employed in IP; MUPF applies a content-centric routing process to request for and reply to packets. (2) We have evaluated the often-occurring broadcast in VANETs, which is thought to have a bad impact on network performance; hence, MUPF uses multiple unicast forwarding paths to deliver the packets instead of a simple broadcast. (3) Considering the highly volatile feature of VANETs, wherein the links are easily broken when the nodes leave, combined with the nodes’ motion parameters and link quality metrics, MUPF can choose some more reliable nodes as next hops to improve the time tolerance of each routing path. In terms of average response time, the performance improvement achieved by MUPF is ∼10%, 15–20%, and 60% compared to CCVN, V-NDN, and TCP/IP, respectively. In terms of the cache-hit ratio, MUPF achieves an improvement of ∼8% and 13.8% over CCVN and V-NDN, respectively; it also decreases network traffic significantly.

MUPF: Multiple unicast path forwarding in content-centric VANETs

FIWARE based low-cost wireless acoustic sensor network for monitoring and classification of urban soundscape

As most vehicles remain parked 95% of its time, this suggests that leveraging the use of On-board Units (OBUs) in parked vehicles would provide communication and computation services to other mobile and fixed nodes for delivery of services such as multimedia streaming, data storage and data processing. The nearby vehicles can form an infrastructure using IEEE 802.11p communication interface, facilitating communication, computation and storage services to the end users. We refer to this as a Vehicular Fog Computing (VFC) infrastructure. In this study, using NS-2 simulator, we investigate how six routing protocols consisting of two proactive routing protocols, Destination Sequence Destination Vector (DSDV) and Fisheye State Routing (FSR); two reactive routing protocols, Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR); and two geographic routing protocols, Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM) and Location Aided Routing (LAR) perform when forwarding TCP traffic among the parked vehicles that form a VFC infrastructure in an urban street parking scenario. In order to reflect an urban street parking scenario, we consider a traffic mobility traces that are generated using SUMO in our simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first effort to understand how vehicle density, vehicle speed and parking duration can influence TCP in an urban street parking scenario when packet forwarding decision is made using proactive, reactive and geographic routing protocols. In our performance evaluation, positive results are observed on the influence of parking duration in parked vehicles as TCP performance in all routing protocols increases with longer parking duration. However, variable speed in parked vehicles and moving vehicles in an urban street parking scenario may not have significant influence on TCP performance, especially in case of reactive and proactive routing protocols. Further, our findings reveal that vehicle density in a VFC infrastructure can noticeably influence TCP performance. Towards the end of the paper, we delineate some important future research issues in order to improve routing performance in a street-parked vehicle based VFC infrastructure.

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Evaluating TCP performance of routing protocols for traffic exchange in street-parked vehicles based fog computing infrastructure

Enhanced domination set based routing in mobile ad hoc networks with reliable nodes

The main focus of this research article is the evaluation of selected voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) solutions in wireless mesh network (WMN) scenarios. While WMNs have self-healing, self-forming, and dynamic topology features, they still pose challenges for the implementation of multimedia applications such as voice in various scenarios. Therefore, various solutions to make WMN more suitable for VoIP application have been proposed in the scientific literature. In this work, we have extensively explored a set of applicable scenarios by conducting experiments by means of a network simulator. The following scenarios were selected as the most representatives for performance evaluation: first responders, flooded village, remote village, and platoon deployment. Each selected scenario has been studied under six sub-scenarios corresponding to various combinations of the IEEE 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11s, and 802.11e standards; the G.711 and G.729 codecs; and the ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) and hybrid wireless mesh protocol (HWMP) routing protocols. The results in terms of quality of service (measured with the mean opinion score rating scale), supported by the analysis of delay, jitter and packet loss, show that 802.11g integration with both VoIP codecs and AODV routing protocol results in better VoIP performance as compared to most other scenarios. In case of 802.11g integration with 802.11s, VoIP performance decreases as compared to the other sub-scenarios without 802.11s. The results also show that 802.11n integration with 802.11e decreases VoIP performance in larger deployments. We conclude the paper with some recommendations in terms of combinations of those standards and protocols with a view to achieve a higher quality of service for the given scenarios.

Evaluation of VoIP QoS Performance in Wireless Mesh Networks

In this paper a fast review and comparative study of the adhoc routing protocols used in VANET will be presented. The research filed in Vehicular adhoc network (VANET) is developing very fast. An extensive variety of utilizations has been served under various situation (Highway, urban, and Cities). Many protocols have been adopted to serve different topology and scenarios, these protocols faced various challenges. VANETs provide communication between vehicles moving on the roads. The routing protocols in VANET are affected by the vehicle high speed which leads to frequently link breaks between the communicated vehicles, so the adhoc routing protocols are adapted with the VANET characteristics to deliver the data between vehicles in short time. The main goal of VANET is to assemble a data system among vehicles that are moving on the roads, which enables the vehicles to communicate with each other for the safety manners. In this paper, an endeavor has been made to compare six surely understood protocols AODV, DSR, OLSR, DSDV, ZRP and DSDV. Used in VANET from the (packet deliver ratio, end to end delay, throughput, routing algorithm load, received packets, routing packets, dropped packets, ratio of packet loss, Average Jitter) point of view.

Layth A. Khalil al Dulaimi

Papers

Review and performance comparison of VANET protocols: AODV, DSR, OLSR, DYMO, DSDV & ZRP