In this article, the authors evaluate the possible roles of negative emotions and cognitions in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and physical health, focusing on the outcomes of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. After reviewing the limited direct evidence, the authors examine indirect evidence showing that (a) SES relates to the targeted health outcomes, (b) SES relates to negative emotions and cognitions, and (c) negative emotions and cognitions relate to the targeted health outcomes. The authors present a general framework for understanding the roles of cognitive-emotional factors, suggesting that low-SES environments are stressful and reduce individuals' reserve capacity to manage stress, thereby increasing vulnerability to negative emotions and cognitions. The article concludes with suggestions for future research to better evaluate the proposed model.

http://psych415.class.uic.edu/Readings/Gallo,%20SES,%20health,%20emotions,%20PsyBull,%202003.pdf

Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: do negative emotions play a role?

▪ Abstract This review investigates scholarship on the intersection of race and gender, with a particular focus on the U.S. labor market. We ask the following questions: What assumptions underlie intersectional perspectives in sociology? Is there any evidence to demonstrate that race and gender intersect in the labor market? We begin by discussing the core assumptions within Black and multiracial feminist theories, which represent the most fully articulated treatments of “intersectionality.” We then broaden our theoretical overview by identifying fundamental differences in the way that sociologists conceptualize intersectionality. We look for evidence of intersectionality in three central domains of research on labor market inequality: (a) wage inequality, (b) discrimination and stereotyping, and (c) immigration and domestic labor. We find that race and gender do intersect in the labor market under certain conditions. Finally, we consider how an intersectional approach enriches labor market research and t...

The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market

Female and male entrepreneurs differ in the way they finance their businesses. This difference can be attributed to the type of business and the type of management and experience of the entrepreneur (indirect effect). Female start-ups may also experience specific barriers when trying to acquire start-up capital. These may be based upon discriminatory effects (direct effect). Whether gender has an impact on size and composition of start-up capital and in what way, is the subject of the present paper. The indirect effect is represented by the way women differ from men in terms of type of business and management and experience. The direct effect cannot be attributed to these differences and is called the gender effect. We use of a panel of 2000 Dutch starting entrepreneurs, of whom approximately 500 are female to test for these direct and indirect effects. The panel refers to the year 1994. We find that female entrepreneurs have a smaller amount of start-up capital, but that they do not differ significantly with respect to the type of capital. On average the proportion of equity and debt capital (bank loans) in the businesses of female entrepreneurs is the same as in those of their male counterparts.

Start-Up Capital: "Does Gender Matter?"

Although there is now a large body of empirical research on neighbourhood effects, we know relatively little about the causal mechanisms responsible for relationships between neighbourhood attributes and individual outcomes. A list of 15 potential causal pathways which may lead to neighbourhood effects is given, grouped into four categories: social-interactive mechanisms, environmental mechanisms, geographical mechanisms, and institutional mechanisms. The ultimate goal of neighbourhood effects research is not only to identify which mechanisms are responsible for neighbourhood effects, but also to quantitatively ascertain their relative contributions to the outcome under investigation. A pharmacological metaphor of “dosage-response” is used to understand how the theoretical mechanisms could be causally linked to individual outcomes. This metaphor refers to questions regarding the composition and the administration of the neighbourhood dosage, and the neighbourhood dosage-response relationship. This chapter concludes that despite the ever growing literature on neighbourhood effects, there is far too little scholarship to make many claims about which causal links dominate for which outcomes for which people in which national contexts and any conclusions on the existence of such effects should be treated as provisional at best.

The Mechanism(s) of Neighbourhood Effects: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications

This paper explores the relationships among neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and the likelihood of drug use in a sample of adults (N = 1,101). Using the 1995 Detroit Area Study in conjunction with tract-level data from the 1990 census, we find a positive relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and drug use, and this relationship remains statistically significant net of controls for individual-level socioeconomic status. Neighborhood disadvantage is moderately associated with drug related behaviors, indirectly through increased social stressors and higher levels of psychological distress among residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods. A residual effect of neighborhood disadvantage remains, net of a large number of socially relevant controls. Finally, results from interactive models suggest that the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and drug use is most pronounced among individuals with lower incomes.

Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults.

We focus on the effects of race, class, and neighborhood on social isolation. Using data from households in Atlanta, Georgia, we compare poor and nonpoor African Americans to nonpoor whites on two ...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4121011.pdf

SOCIAL ISOLATION OF THE URBAN POOR: Race, Class, and Neighborhood Effects on Social Resources

Aux Etats-Unis, les femmes de milieu rural peinent a trouver de bons emplois. La propriete d'une petite affaire offre une alternative, mais les ventes et les gains des entreprises des femmes sont significativement inferieurs a ceux des entreprises des hommes. Comparativement aux hommes, les femmes se lancent davantage dans les activites les plus petites et les plus nouvelles. Il est montre que, plus que le facteur genre du proprietaire, ce sont des caracteristiques organisationnelles qui influencent le plus le succes de ces entreprises : taille et statut de l'entreprise, secteur d'activite. Que le proprietaire en soit une femme ou bien un homme, les facteurs influencant le succes des petites entreprises sont, dans l'ensemble, les memes. Davantage de recherche sur les reseaux d'affaires ainsi que sur la phase de demarrage des petites activites est necessaire pour une meilleure comprehension des differences de succes en fonction du genre

Small Business Success Among Men- and Women-Owned Firms in Rural Areas1

Social relationships in locality and livelihood: The embeddedness of rural economic restructuring

Why Does Job Segregation Lead To Wage Inequality among African Americans? Person, Place, Sector, or Skills?

Feminist scholarship on the relative importance of working-class institutional strength in the economy and in the state has led to two divergent conclusions. Radical feminists argue that working-class institutions dominated by men produce male-biased outcomes; socialist feminists hold that working-class institutions promote classwide interests that benefit women as well as men. This article addresses this debate by applying generic and gendered working-class strength models of the welfare state in an examination of women's public pension quality. Quality is measured as women's average pension (1) compared with that of men, (2) relative to women's average earnings, and (3) compared with the average wage in the society. The authors find support for the socialist feminist view. Working-class institutions, having historically organized and represented the interests of working men, benefit women by improving the security and adequacy of their retirement incomes, but it is women's access to working-class econom...

Leann M. Tigges

Papers

SOCIAL ISOLATION OF THE URBAN POOR: Race, Class, and Neighborhood Effects on Social Resources

Small Business Success Among Men- and Women-Owned Firms in Rural Areas1

Social relationships in locality and livelihood: The embeddedness of rural economic restructuring

Why Does Job Segregation Lead To Wage Inequality among African Americans? Person, Place, Sector, or Skills?

GENDERING WELFARE STATE THEORY A Cross-National Study of Women's Public Pension Quality