Over the past few decades, researchers have established artificial enzymes as highly stable and low-cost alternatives to natural enzymes in a wide range of applications. A variety of materials including cyclodextrins, metal complexes, porphyrins, polymers, dendrimers and biomolecules have been extensively explored to mimic the structures and functions of naturally occurring enzymes. Recently, some nanomaterials have been found to exhibit unexpected enzyme-like activities, and great advances have been made in this area due to the tremendous progress in nano-research and the unique characteristics of nanomaterials. To highlight the progress in the field of nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes (nanozymes), this review discusses various nanomaterials that have been explored to mimic different kinds of enzymes. We cover their kinetics, mechanisms and applications in numerous fields, from biosensing and immunoassays, to stem cell growth and pollutant removal. We also summarize several approaches to tune the activities of nanozymes. Finally, we make comparisons between nanozymes and other catalytic materials (other artificial enzymes, natural enzymes, organic catalysts and nanomaterial-based catalysts) and address the current challenges and future directions (302 references).

Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes

Reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species cause oxidative and nitrosative stresses, respectively. These stresses are implicated not only in diverse physiological processes but also in various pathological processes, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, some ROS and RNS in the environment are pollutants that threaten human health. As a consequence of these effects, sensitive methods, which can be employed to selectively monitor ROS and RNS in live cells, tissues and organisms as well as in environmental samples, are needed so that their biological roles can be understood and their concentrations in environmental samples can be determined. In this review, fluorescent, luminescent and colorimetric ROS and RNS probes, which have been developed since 2011, are comprehensively discussed.

Recent progress in the development of fluorescent, luminescent and colorimetric probes for detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has found extensive applications in chemi-sensors and biosensors. Plasmons play different roles in different types of optical sensors. SPR transduces a signal in a colorimetric sensor through shifts in the spectral position and intensity in response to external stimuli. SPR can also concentrate the incident electromagnetic field in a nanostructure, modulating fluorescence emission and enabling plasmon-enhanced fluorescence to be used for ultrasensitive detection. Furthermore, plasmons have been extensively used for amplifying a Raman signal in a surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor. This paper presents a review of recent research progress in plasmon-enhanced optical sensing, giving emphasis on the physical basis of plasmon-enhanced sensors and how these principles guide the design of sensors. In particular, this paper discusses the design strategies for nanomaterials and nanostructures to plasmonically enhance optical sensing signals, also highlighting the applications of plasmon-enhanced optical sensors in healthcare, homeland security, food safety and environmental monitoring.

Plasmon-enhanced optical sensors: a review

Carbon dots: synthesis, formation mechanism, fluorescence origin and sensing applications

Gold nanorods have received much attention due to their unique optical and electronic properties which are dependent on their shape, size, and aspect ratio. This article covers in detail the synthesis, functionalization, self-assembly, and sensing applications of gold nanorods. The synthesis of three major types of rods is discussed: single-crystalline and pentahedrally-twinned rods, which are synthesized by wet chemistry methods, and polycrystalline rods, which are synthesized by templated deposition. Functionalization of these rods is usually necessary for their applications, but can often be problematic due to their surfactant coating. Thus, general strategies are provided for the covalent and noncovalent functionalization of gold nanorods. The review will then examine the significant progress that has been made in controllable assembly of nanorods into various arrangements. This assembly can have a large effect on measurable properties of rods, making it particularly applicable towards sensing of a variety of analytes. Other types of sensing not dependent on nanorod assembly, such as refractive-index based sensing, are also discussed.

Functional Gold Nanorods: Synthesis, Self-Assembly, and Sensing Applications

Although holding the advantages of both an aptamer and a molecular beacon (MB), a molecular aptamer beacon (MAB) needs complicated and expensive modifications at both of its ends and usually has a high background signal because of the low energy transfer efficiency between the donor and the acceptor. To overcome these shortcomings, in this study, we develop a long-range resonance energy transfer (LrRET) system by separating the donor from the acceptor, wherein only one end of the MAB is fluorescently labeled and acts as the energy donor and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are introduced as the energy acceptor. To test the feasibility of the newly designed MAB system, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been employed as a proof-of-concept target. It is found that the fluorescence of the designed MAB is completely quenched by MWCNTs, supplying a very low background signal. Then the quenched fluorescence is recovered significantly with the addition of ATP, so that ATP can be detected in the range of 0.8−8...

Carbon nanotubes as a low background signal platform for a molecular aptamer beacon on the basis of long-range resonance energy transfer.

Highly selective and sensitive detection of guanosine 3′-diphosphate-5′-diphosphate (ppGpp), namely, the stringent in plants or microorganisms responding to strict or extreme environmental conditions such as stress and starvation, which plays an important role in gene expression, rRNA and antibiotics production, regulations of virulence of bacteria, and growth of plants, faces a great challenge owing to its extreme similarity to normal nucleotides. By modifying the surface groups of a facile two-step hydrothermal route prepared carbon dots (CDs) with terbium ions (Tb3+) in this contribution, a novel fluorescent probe with excellent properties such as highly physical and chemical stability, narrow emission and excitation wavelength-independent emission was prepared. The Tb3+ ions on the surface of CDs cannot only preserve the intrinsic fluorescence (FL) of CDs but also keep its own coordination capacity with rare earth complex, and thus the clamp structure (four phosphate groups) of ppGpp can specific bind...

Terbium(III) Modified Fluorescent Carbon Dots for Highly Selective and Sensitive Ratiometry of Stringent

A large-scale synthesis of photoluminescent carbon quantum dots: a self-exothermic reaction driving the formation of the nanocrystalline core at room temperature

A colorimetric immunoassay for respiratory syncytial virus detection based on gold nanoparticles–graphene oxide hybrids with mercury-enhanced peroxidase-like activity

A one-step synthesis of water soluble and pH-responsive trypsin-stabilized fluorescent copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) was reported without using additional protective or reducing agents, and the as-prepared CuNCs exhibited highly stable properties including oxidation resistance, thermal stability and photostability

https://www.rsc.org/suppdata/an/c4/c4an00113c/c4an00113c1.pdf

Lei Zhan

Papers

Carbon nanotubes as a low background signal platform for a molecular aptamer beacon on the basis of long-range resonance energy transfer.

Terbium(III) Modified Fluorescent Carbon Dots for Highly Selective and Sensitive Ratiometry of Stringent

A large-scale synthesis of photoluminescent carbon quantum dots: a self-exothermic reaction driving the formation of the nanocrystalline core at room temperature

A colorimetric immunoassay for respiratory syncytial virus detection based on gold nanoparticles–graphene oxide hybrids with mercury-enhanced peroxidase-like activity

One-step prepared fluorescent copper nanoclusters for reversible pH-sensing