................................................................................................................. iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xvii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... xix LIST OF TEXT BOXES .............................................................................................. xxi DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ xxii CHAPTER I. ENERGY AND RISK: DISCOURSE, FRAMING, AND CONTENT .................... 1 Energy as Risk ............................................................................................ 2 Risk Perceptions.......................................................................................... 3 Discourse, Frames, and Content .................................................................. 5 Research Design.......................................................................................... 6 Significance ................................................................................................ 8 Energy and Risks................................................................................. 10 Energy as a complex problem ........................................................ 12 Energy as an economic risk ........................................................... 12 Energy, food, and water ................................................................. 13 Energy and climate risk ................................................................. 14 Energy decision-making ................................................................ 15 Theoretical Background ............................................................................ 16 Risk ..................................................................................................... 16 Discourse Analysis .............................................................................. 18 Framing ............................................................................................... 19 Content Analysis ................................................................................. 20 Summary................................................................................................... 20 II. PERCEPTIONS OF RISK .................................................................................. 23 Conceptions of Risk .................................................................................. 24 Risk Defined ....................................................................................... 28 Risk Perception and Risk Assessment ....................................................... 29 Changing Nature of Risk ........................................................................... 35 Theories of Risk Perception ...................................................................... 40 Economic Approaches ......................................................................... 42 viii Expected utility ............................................................................. 45 Bounded rationality ....................................................................... 46 Prospect Theory ............................................................................. 47 Individual, Social, and Cultural Perspectives ....................................... 50 Revealed preferences ..................................................................... 53 Heuristics and biases ..................................................................... 54 Availability heuristic ................................................................ 56 Representativeness heuristic .................................................... 56 Anchoring and adjustment heuristic ......................................... 57 Expressed preferences and psychometrics ...................................... 58 Inverse relationships ................................................................ 61 Criticism of the psychometric paradigm ................................... 62 Demographics and perceptions of risk ........................................... 64 White male effect ..................................................................... 65 Affect and risk ............................................................................... 67 Affect heuristic ........................................................................ 69 Anticipated emotions ............................................................... 72 The feeling of risk .................................................................... 73 Dual-process theories .................................................................... 76 Cultural Theory ............................................................................. 78 Cultural Theory worldviews ..................................................... 79 Cultural Theory and nature ...................................................... 82 Criticism of Cultural Theory .................................................... 83 Cultural cognition of risk ............................................................... 84 Cultural cognition’s revisions to worldviews ........................... 85 Mechanisms for cultural cognition ........................................... 87 Cultural cognition and communication .................................... 89 Criticism of cultural cognition ................................................. 89 Social Amplification of Risk Framework ............................................. 91 Criticism of the SARF ................................................................... 96 Rationality ........................................................................................... 98 Communication, Uncertainty, Trust, and Risk ................................... 103 Improving Risk Communication .................................................. 105 Uncertainty .................................................................................. 108 Trust ............................................................................................ 110 Summary and Future Directions of Risk Perception Research ................. 112 III. DISCOURSE AND FRAMING: THEORIES AND METHODS ..................... 117 Discourse and Framing............................................................................ 118 Discourse and Change ....................................................................... 122 Intertextuality .............................................................................. 123 Discourse and the Environment ......................................................... 124 Discourse and Energy Risk ................................................................ 127 Discourse and the Social Amplification of Risk Framework ........ 128 Origins and Historical Development of Discourse Analysis ..................... 128 ix Saussure and Structuralism ................................................................ 129 Wittgenstein and Word Games .......................................................... 130 The Turn to Language ....................................................................... 131 Poststructuralism ............................................................................... 132 Foucauldian versus Habermasian Approaches to Language ............... 132 Social Constructionism ...................................................................... 133 Early Discourse Analysis ................................................................... 136 Approaches to Discourse ......................................................................... 137 Discourse Analysis in Use ................................................................. 139 Discourse and research questions ................................................. 140 Researcher philosophy and research objectives ............................ 141 Texts for analysis ......................................................................... 144 Classification of Discourse Analysis .................................................. 145 Jaworski and Coupland's classifications ....................................... 146 Pragmatics and speech act theory ........................................... 146 Ethnographic approaches ....................................................... 148 Conversation analysis ............................................................ 149 Discursive psychology ........................................................... 150 Interactional sociolinguistics .................................................. 152 Narrative analysis .................................................................. 154 Critical Discourse Analysis .................................................... 156 Phillips and Hardy’s varieties of discourse analysis ..................... 158 Framing .................................................................................................. 161 Theories and Approaches to Analysis of Frames ................................ 163 Thought frames and communication frames ................................. 164 Micro and macro level frames ...................................................... 165 Communication studies of framing .............................................. 166 Decision frames ........................................................................... 167 Risky choice frames ............................................................... 167 Attribute frames ..................................................................... 168 Goal f

Energy and Risk: Discourse, Framing, and Content

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