http://www.karplab.net/papers/Mesenchymal_Stem_Cell_Homing___The_Devil_Is_In_The_Details.pdf

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Homing: The Devil Is in the Details

Summary Restorative cell-based and pharmacological therapies for experimental stroke substantially improve functional outcome. These therapies target several types of parenchymal cells (including neural stem cells, cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons), leading to enhancement of endogenous neurogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal sprouting, and synaptogenesis in the ischaemic brain. Interaction between these restorative events probably underpins the improvement in functional outcome. This Review provides examples of cell-based and pharmacological restorative treatments for stroke that stimulate brain plasticity and functional recovery. The molecular pathways activated by these therapies, which induce remodelling of the injured brain via angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and axonal and dendritic plasticity, are discussed. The ease of treating intact brain tissue to stimulate functional benefit in restorative therapy compared with treating injured brain tissue in neuroprotective therapy might more readily help with translation of restorative therapy from the laboratory to the clinic.

/pdf/neurorestorative-therapies-for-stroke-underlying-mechanisms-2d8ugztdrv.pdf

Neurorestorative therapies for stroke: underlying mechanisms and translation to the clinic

Stroke is associated with a limited degree of functional recovery. Imaging studies in humans have shown that reorganization in periinfarct and connected cortical areas most closely correlates with functional recovery after stroke. On a cellular level, two major regenerative events occur in periinfarct cortex: axons sprout new connections and establish novel projection patterns, and newly born immature neurons migrate into periinfarct cortex. Stroke induces a unique microenvironment for axonal sprouting in periinfarct cortex, in which growth-inhibitory molecules are reduced for 1 month after the infarct. During this period, neurons activate growth-promoting genes in successive waves. Neurogenesis also occurs through waves of migration of immature neurons from their origin in the subventricular zone into periinfarct cortex. This migration is mediated, in part, by the cytokine erythropoietin. These data indicate that the cellular environment after stroke is far from one of just death and destruction, but rather involves a longer evolving process of neuronal regeneration. Poststroke neuronal regeneration is characterized by waves of specific cellular and molecular events. Manipulating these waves of regeneration may provide for novel therapies that will improve recovery after stroke.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: making waves.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the role of statins in the induction of brain plasticity and subsequent improvement of neurologic outcome after treatment of stroke have not been adequately investigated. Here, we use both in vivo and in vitro studies to investigate the potential roles of two prominent factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in mediating brain plasticity after treatment of stroke with atorvastatin. Treatment of stroke in adult mice with atorvastatin daily for 14 days, starting at 24 hours after MCAO, shows significant improvement in functional recovery compared with control animals. Atorvastatin increases VEGF, VEGFR2 and BDNF expression in the ischemic border. Numbers of migrating neurons, developmental neurons and synaptophysin-positive cells as well as indices of angiogenesis were significantly increased in the atorvastatin treatment group, compared with controls. In addition, atorvastatin significantly increased brain subventricular zone (SVZ) explant cell migration in vitro. Anti-BDNF antibody significantly inhibited atorvastatin-induced SVZ explant cell migration, indicating a prominent role for BDNF in progenitor cell migration. Mouse brain endothelial cell culture expression of BDNF and VEGFR2 was significantly increased in atorvastatin-treated cells compared with control cells. Inhibition of VEGFR2 significantly decreased expression of BDNF in brain endothelial cells. These data indicate that atorvastatin promotes angiogenesis, brain plasticity and enhances functional recovery after stroke. In addition, VEGF, VEGFR2 and BDNF likely contribute to these restorative processes.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600034

Atorvastatin Induction of VEGF and BDNF Promotes Brain Plasticity after Stroke in Mice

Forebrain neurogenesis after focal Ischemic and traumatic brain injury.

Background and Purpose— Erythropoietin (EPO) promotes proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors and the survival of maturing erythroid cells. Here, we investigated the role of EPO in brain repair after stroke. Methods— Rats were treated with recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) at 24 hours after the onset of embolic stroke. An array of behavior tests was performed. Rats were euthanized 28 days after stroke for measurements of infarct volume, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. In vitro, neurospheres derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the rat and cerebral endothelial cells derived from the mouse were treated with rhEPO. Capillary-like tube formation and neuronal differentiation were measured. Results— Treatment with rhEPO significantly improved functional recovery, along with increases in density of cerebral microvessels at the stroke boundary and numbers of BrdU, doublecortin, and nestin immunoreactive cells in the SVZ. rhEPO treatment significantly increased brain levels of vascular endo...

Treatment of Stroke With Erythropoietin Enhances Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis and Improves Neurological Function in Rats

We investigated the effects of NO on angiogenesis and the synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a model of focal embolic cerebral ischemia in the rat. Compared with control rats, systemic administration of an NO donor, DETANONOate, to rats 24 hours after stroke significantly enlarged vascular perimeters and increased the number of proliferated cerebral endothelial cells and the numbers of newly generated vessels in the ischemic boundary regions, as evaluated by 3-dimensional laser scanning confocal microscopy. Treatment with DETANONOate significantly increased VEGF levels in the ischemic boundary regions as measured by ELISA. A capillary-like tube formation assay was used to investigate whether DETANONOate increases angiogenesis in ischemic brain via activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. DETANONOate-induced capillary-like tube formation was completely inhibited by a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ). Blocking VEGF activity by a n...

Nitric Oxide Enhances Angiogenesis via the Synthesis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and cGMP After Stroke in the Rat

Background and Purpose—We tested the hypothesis that intravenous infusion of bone marrow derived–marrow stromal cells (MSCs) enter the brain and reduce neurological functional deficits after stroke in rats. Methods—Rats (n=32) were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Test groups consisted of MCAO alone (group 1, n=6); intravenous infusion of 1×106 MSCs at 24 hours after MCAO (group 2, n=6); or infusion of 3×106 MSCs (group 3, n=7). Rats in groups 1 to 3 were euthanized at 14 days after MCAO. Group 4 consisted of MCAO alone (n=6) and group 5, intravenous infusion of 3×106 MSCs at 7 days after MCAO (n=7). Rats in groups 4 and 5 were euthanized at 35 days after MCAO. For cellular identification, MSCs were prelabeled with bromodeoxyuridine. Behavioral tests (rotarod, adhesive-removal, and modified Neurological Severity Score [NSS]) were performed before and at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after MCAO. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify MSCs or cells derived from MSCs in bra...

LeiWang

Papers

Treatment of Stroke With Erythropoietin Enhances Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis and Improves Neurological Function in Rats

Nitric Oxide Enhances Angiogenesis via the Synthesis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and cGMP After Stroke in the Rat

Therapeutic Benefit of Intravenous Administration of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells After Cerebral Ischemia in Rats