Modeling of the evolution of distributed damage such as microcracking, void formation, and softening frictional slip necessitates strain-softening constitutive models. The nonlocal continuum concept has emerged as an effective means for regularizing the boundary value problems with strain softening, capturing the size effects and avoiding spurious localization that gives rise to pathological mesh sensitivity in numerical computations. A great variety of nonlocal models have appeared during the last two decades. This paper reviews the progress in the nonlocal models of integral type, and discusses their physical justifications, advantages, and numerical applications.

Nonlocal integral formulations of plasticity and damage: Survey of progress

Nonlocal models for damage and fracture: Comparison of approaches

Nonlocal implicit gradient-enhanced elasto-plasticity for the modelling of softening behaviour

Taylor-based nonlocal theory of plasticity

Comparison of integral-type nonlocal plasticity models for strain-softening materials

FE-formulation of a nonlocal plasticity theory

Response to curvature, gradients and temperature in a PPB-fuel cell, with a LED and a Li-B

A LED-lamp, with power supply from a Li-battery and a fuel cell is studied. The fuel cell consists of a PPB where water and soil is the electrolyte, and a capacitor. The result gives a response by the fuel cell, such that, the power and life-time for the entire device, are increased. A device for amplification of electric current is constructed and the usage with a Li-battery is evaluated. The novelties of the paper are electric hardware and results, together with modeling and analysis.

Lena Strömberg

Papers

FE-formulation of a nonlocal plasticity theory

Response to curvature, gradients and temperature in a PPB-fuel cell, with a LED and a Li-B

Pot Plant Batteries, PPB: Results for a LED-lamp on a Li-battery and a fuel cell made by a PPB and a capacitor