L'A. demontre comment les progres et les choix technologiques sont, depuis 1940, tres largement responsables de l'importance des problemes de pollution de l'environnement

At the Intersection of Histories: Technology and the Environment

This research explores processes of innovative activities that lead to the development of automobile
emission-control and safety technologies in the U.S. automobile industry. Understanding the construction of
these two automotive technologies is interesting for two reasons: 1) they were developed under
command-and-control type government regulations designed to force the industry to develop new technologies
by setting standards beyond industry’s current technical capability (“Technology-forcing” regulations); and 2)
the two key federal agencies responsible for designing and implementing the two sets of regulations (the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency) were established in
the same period, the late 1960s, creating an ideal “natural experiment” for analyzing processes of technological
changes that involve development of two different technological systems under two different sets of federal laws
and federal agencies, and one common regulated industry -- the automobile industry. Our key motivation in
this research is to investigate whether “technology-forcing” federal regulatory standards imposed upon the U.S.
automobile industry stimulated industry innovation; and more importantly, whether federal regulations
conferred any competitive advantage on the domestic U.S. firms in the automobile industry, which has long
been crowded by foreign automakers as well as foreign suppliers.
By using patent application as a measure of innovative activities, we identified relevant patents in both
automobile emission-control and safety technologies in the last forty years from c. 1960 to c. 2000. In addition
to compiling patent application records, we extensively studied both existing secondary literature and published
government and industry records and conducted targeted interviews with important actors across a variety of
related institutions involved in the development. This qualitative and quantitative information was used to
construct a historically based study on two simultaneously-developing automotive safety and emission-control
technologies, so that we could compare and contrast not only the patterns of innovation but also the
socio-political processes of technological development under regulatory pressures.
Statistical results reveal a strong correlation between overall patent applications and major regulatory events in
both automotive emission-control and safety technologies. This finding supports the idea that
“technology-forcing” regulatory instruments can be effective in driving technological change. More importantly,
for a separate model that tested the impact of regulation on patent applications by U.S. firms (after controlling
for foreign patenting activities and firm market share), regulation was also found to be effective in driving
innovation, but its impact was significant only in the early phase of technological change when regulations were
first introduced in the early 1970s.
Findings of this research provide interesting new insights on the “Porter hypothesis,” which claims that
appropriately designed regulation will increase corporate competitiveness and motivate new process and product
innovation. While this study provides an empirical evidence for the Porter hypothesis; the study also implies
that the most significant impact of regulation on innovation and industrial competitiveness may only be
positive and significant in the early phase of technological change when the market for new technology is
immature and when more radical technological innovation is necessary to meet new, stringent regulations.
Interestingly, the study also shows that the auto industry reacted differently to the expectations of the regulatory
agencies; that is, the auto industry developed and introduced catalyst-based emission control systems in the
1970s as expected by the EPA. Yet the auto industry resisted implementing the airbag system for automobile
safety that NHTSA actively pushed for in the early 1970s.

/pdf/innovation-and-technology-policy-lessons-from-emission-2qz0d3hd66.pdf

Innovation and Technology Policy: Lessons from Emission Control and Safety Technologies in the U.S. Automobile Industry

The becaks of Java

Bu calismada motorsuz ulasim ve toplu tasima entegrasyonunun yuksek seviyede hareketlilige etkisi degerlendirilmistir. Onemli bir ulasim turu olan bisikletin motorsuz ulasimdaki rolu, surdurulebilir yolculuk hedefine katkilari ele alinmistir. Calismada Istanbul metropoliten alaninda toplu tasima sistemi ile butunlesik bisiklet ulasim aginin asamali olarak gerceklestirilmesi icin bir karar destek modeli kurulmustur. Model olusturulurken 2023 yili icin planlanmis olan toplu tasima hatlari, aktarma merkezi noktalari, bu noktalara ait yolcu sayilari, yeniden duzenlenen bisiklet agi gibi veriler Cografi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ortaminda gelistirilen haritaya altlik olarak kullanilmistir. Cok Olcutlu Karar Verme yontemlerinden nitel ve nicel degerlendirmeye olanak veren Analitik Hiyerarsi Yontemi (AHY) kullanilarak ulasim planlamasi konusunda uzmanlarin degerlendirmeleri dogrultusunda, Istanbul metropoliten alaninda toplu tasima ile butunlesik bisiklet agi kumelerinin oncelikleri belirlenmistir.

/pdf/analitik-hiyerarsi-yontemi-ile-istanbul-da-butunlesik-3or8adio8y.pdf

Analitik hiyerarşi yöntemi ile İstanbul’da bütünleşik bisiklet ağı kümelerinin önceliklendirilmesi

................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. iii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ xiii Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Rationale ........................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Research Aim and Objectives........................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research Context .............................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................................ 7 2.

Improving shared spaces with a placemaking approach: Lessons from Adelaide

The numbers and standard sizes of automobiles may vary widely from one country to another, and so may traffic patterns and driving habits, but the basic environmental problems that are inevitably caused by the automotive explosion--the unrestrained growth of the density and extent of the use of private cars--are found to be much the same worldwide. The papers in this valuable book deal with alternative responses to this common problem, and solutions are proposed for a variety of cases in North America, Western Europe, and the Far East. The prospects for coping with the automobile problem by means of public transit and other auto-free modes are realistically weighed, and innovations for dealing with car use head-on by imposing limits on traffic are put forward.The book points out that even if automobiles were noiseless and emissionless, \"their sheer numbers would still generate a tremendous impact on the environment and on the quality of our lives.\" To many the massive presence of automobiles is a form of visual congestion, and their fitful motion one more psychological distraction to harass modern man. But even given the international scale of the problem, the papers in this book do not forecast ecological doom. Quite the contrary, as their editor writes, \"their flavor is one of hope: they implicitly share the view that the problems are solvable if governments address them firmly. The approaches examined are highly practical, most of them being relatively undemanding of institutional adjustments or changes in social values. Showing their independence from the hardware-oriented approaches prominent in the 1950s and 1960s, the authors share limited faith in technological innovation for the solution of transportation's environmental problems....\"By giving equal weight to the environmental problems of transportation with data from several nations, these papers help to remove the nationalist myopia from transportation studies. While the institutions and values particular to a country set some limits on the options that can be taken, the worldwide awakening of environmental concern has laid the way for exchanging experiences.... Therefore this book serves several important purposes by providing both structured data on the problems and access to foreign experiences.\"The first paper is \"Environmental Implications of Options in Urban Mobility. Observations of the Environmental Committee of OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development).\" This is followed by \"Urban Public Transport: Service Innovations in Operations, Planning, and Technology,\" by Robert A. Burco; \"Methods of Traffic Limitation in Urban Areas,\" by J. Michael Thomson; \"The Automobile and the Environment: Implications for the Planning Process,\" by Marvin L. Manheim and John H. Suhrbier; \"Automobiles and Cities: Strategies for Developing Countries,\" by Wilfred Owen; and \"Automobile Air Pollution and Noise: Implications for Public Policy,\" by an Ad Hoc Group to the Environment Committee of OECD.The book is the first in the MIT Press Series in Transportation Studies.

Air Quality Control: Politics of the Best Available Solution@@@The Social Gamble: Determining Acceptable Levels of Air Quality@@@Air Pollution, Human Health, and Public Policy@@@Tortoise and the Hare@@@The Automobile and the Environment: An International Perspective

Lennart J. Lundqvist

Papers

Air Quality Control: Politics of the Best Available Solution@@@The Social Gamble: Determining Acceptable Levels of Air Quality@@@Air Pollution, Human Health, and Public Policy@@@Tortoise and the Hare@@@The Automobile and the Environment: An International Perspective