A literature search was conducted in an effort to collect and compile as many references on the phase-locked loop as possible. Although not all inclusive, a comprehensive listing of approximately 800 references covering the past two decades of work reported throughout the world are presented. The compilation is given in two parts: first by categories, and then alphabetically by authors.

A bibliography of the theory and application of the phase-lock principle

A coherent optical processor for displaying a signal’s ambiguity function is described. The required time delay is realized by 45° rotations of two identical input transparencies and the Doppler shift by a 1-D Fourier transformation. The entire ambiguity function is displayed in the output (Doppler shift-time delay) plane. Examples of the optically computed ambiguity function for single and double pulse signals are shown to be in excellent agreement with theory. Advantages of this approach over other schemes and possible extension to real time processing are also discussed.

Ambiguity function display: an improved coherent processor.

A periodic ambiguity function (PAF) is discussed which describes the response of a correlation receiver to a CW signal modulated by a periodic waveform, when the reference signal in the receiver is constructed from an integral number N, of periods T, of the transmitted signal. The PAF is a generalization of the periodic autocorrelation function, to the case of non-zero Doppler shift. It is shown that the PAF of N periods is obtained by multiplying the PAF of a single period by the universal function sin(N pi nu T)/N sin( pi nu T), where nu is the Doppler shift, to phase-modulated signals which exhibit perfect periodic autocorrelation when there is no Doppler shift. The PAF of these signals exhibits universal cuts along the delay and Doppler axes. These cuts are functions only of t, N and the number M, the modulation bits in one period. >

Periodic ambiguity function of CW signals with perfect periodic autocorrelation

A novel forced oscillation technique is discussed for the phase noise reduction of electrical and optoelectronic oscillators. This paper features self-injection locking using single and dual long fiber-optic delay loops and provides analysis for the phase noise of oscillators employing this technique under various operating conditions. Experimental results are also provided to verify the analytical modeling and to identify techniques to further enhance spectral purity of oscillators.

Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of SSB Phase Noise Reduction in Self-Injection Locked Oscillators Using Optical Delay Loops

This paper presents a simple, unified phase noise model for injection-locked oscillators (ILO). We show that an ILO is identical to a type-I first-order PLL in its noise behavior within the lock range. The model predicts the phase noise of injection-locked oscillators (ILO), injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFD), and injection-locked frequency multipliers (ILFM) as a function of the injection source phase noise and the oscillator phase noise. Measurement results from a discrete 57MHz Colpitts ILO, an integrated 6.5GHz ILFD, and an integrated 24GHz ILFM are presented to validate the theoretical predictions.

A simple, unified phase noise model for injection-locked oscillators

A Study of a Driven Oscillator with FM Feedback by Use of a Phase-Lock-Loop Model

The effect of modulation nonlinearity on the range response of FM radars with harmonic processing and ?triangle? modulation is derived. The nonlinearity may be desirable or undesirable; that is, the sidelobe level of the range response may be decreased or increased depending on the shape and amount of nonlinearity. The results of this paper may be used to predict the actual range laws of existing ?linear? FM radars; or, alternately, to specify the desired amount of modulation nonlinearity for new FM radars so that superior sidelobe suppression can be realized.

Effects of Modulation Nonlinearity on the Range Response of FM Radars

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output of an ideal FM detector is determined as a function of the modulation index for the case of an SSB-FM signal plus narrow-band Gaussian noise at the input, where the input SNR is large. The modulation is assumed to be sinusoidal, and the noise is taken to be flat over the intermediate frequency band.

Signal-To-Noise Ratio Out of an Ideal FM Detector for SSB FM Plus Gaussian Noise at the Input

In a direct sequence (DS) spread spectrum communication system the processing gain is approximately the ratio of chip rate to the data rate. Here a more accurate formulation is obtained in terms of signaling, system, and noise parameters. It is useful for performance comparisons since it is valid for all possible parameter values.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/31286/01455907.pdf

Performance of DS spread spectrum systems

: The range response of a periodically modulated FM radar is derived for some useful harmonic processing systems in terms of Fourier coefficients which are identical to points on the ambiguity function. The Fourier coefficients are evaluated for a piecewise-linear modulation waveform which may be used to approximate an arbitrary modulating waveshape. Thus, the approximate range response of an arbitrary modulation waveform is obtained. Range laws for incoherent, coherent and directional doppler detection are obtained by vector addition of the properly weighted complex Fourier coefficients. For coherent harmonic processing using an arbitrary periodic waveform for the reference, the phasing of the reference waveform is shown to be of importance in cancelling undesired range sidelobes.

Leon W. Couch

Papers

A Study of a Driven Oscillator with FM Feedback by Use of a Phase-Lock-Loop Model

Effects of Modulation Nonlinearity on the Range Response of FM Radars

Signal-To-Noise Ratio Out of an Ideal FM Detector for SSB FM Plus Gaussian Noise at the Input

Performance of DS spread spectrum systems

Range Laws for FM Radars with Harmonic Processing and Arbitrary Modulating Waveshapes