A review of history, development, design and research of electric bicycles

Boron doped graphene nanosheets as negative electrode additive for high-performance lead-acid batteries and ultracapacitors

Positive electrode active material development opportunities through carbon addition in the lead-acid batteries: A recent progress

N-Doped Graphene Oxide as Additive for Fumed Silica Based Gel Electrolyte of Valve Regulated Lead Acid Batteries

Multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with their highly ordered structures, high electrical and mechanical stability are considered as promising and effective additives towards improving the performance of lead acid batteries (LAB) especially under high rate partial state of charge conditions (HRPSoC). In this work, carbon nanotubes with different diameter range (MWCNT 1 with diameter >50 nm, MWCNT 2 with diameter 15–50 nm and MWCNT 3 with diameter 110–170 nm) are employed as negative active material (NAM) additives in lead acid batteries operating under HRPSoC cycling conditions. The MWCNTs and NAM (containing MWCNTs) are characterized using various physical and electrochemical techniques. Correlation between key physical parameters (including surface area, dimension and structural defects) and cycle life are investigated. The results show that MWCNTs 1 with high capacitance, surface defects and display best performance regarding specific capacity and cyclability. Incorporation of MWCNT 1 ensures easy access of ions, low polarization and low solution/charge transfer resistance for the NAM. The present study indicates that MWCNT capable of improving the capacitance, conductivity and decreasing the polarization of the electrode is highly beneficial towards improving the cycle life of the lead acid batteries especially operating at HRPSoC cycling conditions.

Effect of carbon nanotubes with varying dimensions and properties on the performance of lead acid batteries operating under high rate partial state of charge conditions

The effects of both graphene nanoplatelets and reduced graphene oxide as additives to the negative active material in valve-regulated lead–acid batteries for electric bikes were investigated. Low-temperature performance, charge acceptance, cycle performance, and water loss were investigated. The test results show that the low-temperature performance, charge acceptance, and large-current discharge performance of the batteries with graphene additives were significantly improved compared to the control battery, and the cycle life under 100% depth of discharge condition was extended by more than 52% from 250 to 380 cycles. Meanwhile, the amount of water loss from the batteries with graphene changed only slightly compared with the control cells. The excellent performance of the batteries can be ascribed to the graphene promoting the negative-plate charge and discharge processes and suppressing the growth of lead sulfate crystals.

Li-Ya Wang

Papers

Enhanced Performance of E-Bike Motive Power Lead–Acid Batteries with Graphene as an Additive to the Active Mass