Approximately half of the world’s population is infected with Helicobacter pylori, which causes gastric disease. Recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported that H. pylori may also have extragastric manifestations such as hematologic diseases, including chronic immune thrombocytopenia (cITP). However, the molecular mechanisms by which H. pylori induces cITP remain unclear, and may involve the host immune response, bacterial strain diversity, and delivery of bacterial molecules to the host blood vessels. This review discusses the important pathophysiological mechanisms by which H. pylori potentially contributes to the development of cITP in infected patients.

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Helicobacter pylori Infection and Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia

Observational epidemiology studies suggested a relationship between the gut microbiome and primary liver cancer. However, the causal relationship remains unclear because of confounding factors and reverse causality. We aimed to explore the causal role of the gut microbiome in the development of primary liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

Association of gut microbiome and primary liver cancer: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization and case–control study

Global lifestyle changes have led to an increased incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), requiring further in-depth research to understand the mechanisms and develop new therapeutic strategies. In particular, high-fat and high-fructose diets have been shown to increase intestinal permeability, which can expose the liver to endotoxins. Indeed, accumulating evidence points to a link between these liver diseases and the intestinal axis, including dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and leaky-gut syndrome. Here, we review the mechanisms contributing to these links between the liver and small intestine in the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH, focusing on the roles of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites to influence enzymes essential for proper liver metabolism and function. Advances in next-generation sequencing technology have facilitated analyses of the metagenome, providing new insights into the roles of the intestinal microbiota and their functions in physiological and pathological mechanisms. This review summarizes recent research linking the gut microbiome to liver diseases, offering new research directions to elucidate the detailed mechanisms and novel targets for treatment and prevention.

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Current Research on the Pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and the Gut–Liver Axis: Gut Microbiota, Dysbiosis, and Leaky-Gut Syndrome

Systemic lupus erythematosus-complicating immune thrombocytopenia: From pathogenesis to treatment.

The most common cause of acquired thyroid dysfunction is autoimmune thyroid disease, which is an organ-specific autoimmune disease with two presentation phenotypes: hyperthyroidism (Graves-Basedow disease) and hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is distinguished by the presence of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. Meanwhile, autoantibodies against the TSH receptor have been found in Graves-Basedow disease. Numerous susceptibility genes, as well as epigenetic and environmental factors, contribute to the pathogenesis of both diseases. This review summarizes the most common genetic, epigenetic, and environmental mechanisms involved in autoimmune thyroid disease.

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Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

The modern Gastroenterology have witnessed an essential stride since Helicobacter pylori was first found in the stomach and then its pathogenic effect was discovered. According to the researches conducted during the nearly 40 years, it has been found that this bacterium is associated with a natural history of many upper gastrointestinal diseases. Epidemiological data show an increased incidence of autoimmune disorders with or after infection with specific microorganisms. The researches have revealed that H. pylori is a potential trigger of gastric autoimmunity, and it may be associated with other autoimmune diseases, both innate and acquired. This paper reviews the current support or opposition about H. pylori as the role of potential triggers of autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune liver diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as Sjogren’s syndrome, chronic urticaria and psoriasis, and tried to explain the possible mechanisms.

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Helicobacter Pylori and Autoimmune Diseases: Involving Multiple Systems

Gut microbiota is a microecosystem composed of various microorganisms. It plays an important role in human metabolism, and its metabolites affect different tissues and organs. Intestinal flora maintains the intestinal mucosal barrier and interacts with the immune system. The liver is closely linked to the intestine by the gut-liver axis. As the first organ that comes into contact with blood from the intestine, the liver will be deeply influenced by the gut microbiota and its metabolites, and the intestinal leakage and the imbalance of the flora are the trigger of the pathological reaction of the liver. In this paper, we discuss the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the pathogenesis and development of autoimmune liver diseases((including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis), metabolic liver disease such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosisits and its complications, and liver cancer from the perspective of immune mechanism. And the recent progress in the treatment of these diseases was reviewed from the perspective of gut microbiota.

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The Role of Gut Microbiota in Some Liver Diseases: From an Immunological Perspective

Though effective in theoretical simulation, the established traffic control models and optimization algorithms will result in model mismatch or even control strategy failure in actual application. However, they are commonly adopted in traffic signal control research, resulting in the unavailability of many exceptional control algorithms in practice. Simulation should function as a bridge between theoretical research and actual application, allowing the gap between the two to be communicated and made up for. However, an effective connection between the two has yet to be established to enable simulation methods in existing traffic control research. To this end, we designed and developed a simulation platform for "Online Application-HILS (Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation)-Practice" integration over traffic signal control. In this paper, the architecture and characteristics of the integrated simulation platform were described. Besides, the function of each module of the platform was detailed, followed by listing simulation examples for six complex scenarios, with the active control scenario being selected for simulation comparison analysis. The findings demonstrated extensive road network simulation with the integrated simulation platform, multidimensional control variables, control strategies with support, as well as stable and reliable operation. It can be used to verify several sorts of traffic control simulation with variable dimensions. 

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Research on integrated simulation platform for urban traffic control connecting simulation and practice

For autonomous driving vehicles, there are currently some issues, such as limited environmental awareness and locally optimal decision-making. To increase the capacity of autonomous cars’ environmental awareness, computation, decision-making, control, and execution, intelligent roads must be constructed, and vehicle–infrastructure cooperative technology must be used. The Roadside unit (RSU) deployment, a critical component of vehicle–infrastructure cooperative autonomous driving, has a direct impact on network performance, operation effects, and control accuracy. The current RSU deployment mostly uses the large-spacing and low-density concept because of the expensive installation and maintenance costs, which can accomplish the macroscopic and long-term communication functions but fall short of precision vehicle control. Given these challenges, this paper begins with the specific requirements to control intelligent vehicles in the cooperative vehicle–infrastructure environment. An RSU deployment scheme, based on the improved multi-objective quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (MOQPSO) algorithm, is proposed. This RSU deployment scheme was based on the maximum coverage with time threshold problem (MCTTP), with the goal of minimizing the number of RSUs and maximizing vehicle coverage of communication and control services. Finally, utilizing the independently created open simulation platform (OSP) simulation system, the model and algorithm’s viability and effectiveness were assessed on the Nguyen–Dupuis road network. The findings demonstrate that the suggested RSU deployment scheme can enhance network performance and control the precision of vehicle–infrastructure coordination, and can serve as a general guide for the deployment of RSUs in the same application situation.

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An RSU Deployment Scheme for Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperated Autonomous Driving

This paper puts forward a new coordination control model of entrance ramp metering integrated with upstream intersection signal control. Based on the improvement of Mixed-Control algorithm, the CPN (Color Petri Net) is used for verifying the feasibility of coordination control model in conflict, dead lock and activeness aspects. And VISSIM simulation is applied to test the effectiveness of this coordinative control method on entrance ramp of north-west 4 th Ring Road of Beijing. Simulation results show the traffic control performance of ramp queue length, average queue time, occupancy and delay time can be greatly improved.

Lili Zhang

Papers

Helicobacter Pylori and Autoimmune Diseases: Involving Multiple Systems

The Role of Gut Microbiota in Some Liver Diseases: From an Immunological Perspective

Research on integrated simulation platform for urban traffic control connecting simulation and practice

An RSU Deployment Scheme for Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperated Autonomous Driving

Coordination Control of Entrance Ramp Metering and Upstream Intersection Signal Based on CPN