Problem Given the number of times in which an unknown event has happened and failed: Required the chance that the probability of its happening in a single trial lies somewhere between any two degrees of probability that can be named. SECTION 1 Definition 1. Several events are inconsistent, when if one of them happens, none of the rest can. 2. Two events are contrary when one, or other of them must; and both together cannot happen. 3. An event is said to fail, when it cannot happen; or, which comes to the same thing, when its contrary has happened. 4. An event is said to be determined when it has either happened or failed. 5. The probability of any event is the ratio between the value at which an expectation depending on the happening of the event ought to be computed, and the value of the thing expected upon it’s 2 happening.

An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. [Facsimil]

This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on Predictive Maintenance (PdM) with emphasis on system architectures, purposes and approaches. In industry, any outages and unplanned downtime of machines or systems would degrade or interrupt a company's core business, potentially resulting in significant penalties and unmeasurable reputation loss. Existing traditional maintenance approaches suffer from some assumptions and limits, such as high prevent/repair costs, inadequate or inaccurate mathematical degradation processes and manual feature extraction. With the trend of smart manufacturing and development of Internet of Things (IoT), data mining and Artificial Intelligence (AI), etc., PdM is proposed as a novel type of maintenance paradigm to perform maintenances only after the analytical models predict certain failures or degradations. In this survey, we first provide a high-level view of the PdM system architectures including the Open System Architecture for Condition Based Monitoring (OSA-CBM), cloud-enhanced PdM system and PdM 4.0, etc. Then, we make clear the specific maintenance purposes/objectives, which mainly comprise cost minimization, availability/reliability maximization and multi-objective optimization. Furthermore, we provide a review of the existing approaches for fault diagnosis and prognosis in PdM systems that include three major subcategories: knowledge based, traditional Machine Learning (ML) based and DL based approaches. We make a brief review on the knowledge based and traditional ML based approaches applied in diverse industrial systems or components with a complete list of references, while providing a comprehensive review of DL based approaches. Finally, important future research directions are introduced.

A Survey of Predictive Maintenance: Systems, Purposes and Approaches.

Aircraft spare parts inventory management (ASPM) has played a critical role in tracing and tracking spare parts as any related maintenance or movement shall be recorded. Traceability and trackability of data ensure the compliance of airworthiness requirements. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has strongly emphasised the significance of quality traceability data throughout the aircraft part’s life cycle, leading to enhanced inventory control accuracy, reduced maintenance error, and effective decision-making processes. However, with the rapid increase of spare parts types, the complexity of aircraft parts multi-stage supply chains leads to inefficient tracing and tracking operations with unsatisfactory traceability data quality and information security. This paper proposed a blockchain-based system that provided a managerial platform for accurate recording of spare parts traceability data with organisational consensus and validation using Hyperledger Fabric and Hyperledger Composer. A data model has been determined based on the existing ASPM, enabling information integrity during transaction operations. The channel mechanism has yielded a trustful data sharing platform between each contracting organisation for logistics and operational arrangements, which has enhanced information visibility and security. The blockchain-based system, executed under a decentralised ledger mechanism, shall improve the quality of traceability data and reliable information sharing within the spare parts supply chain. The enhanced blockchain-based inventory management system can establish the digital twin of aviation as part of Industry 4.0 in the future.

A blockchain-based system to enhance aircraft parts traceability and trackability for inventory management

Condition-based maintenance (CBM) detects early signs of failure and dictates when maintenance should be performed based on the actual condition of a system. In this paper, we first review some of the recent research on CBM under various physical structures and signal data. Then, we summarize several kinds of prognostic models that use monitoring information to estimate the reliability of complex systems or products. Monitoring information also facilitates operational decisions in production planning, spare parts management, reliability improvement, and prognostics and health management. Finally, we suggest some research opportunities for the reliability and operations management communities to fill the research gap between these two fields.

A review of condition-based maintenance: Its prognostic and operational aspects

Reinforcement learning-driven maintenance strategy: A novel solution for long-term aircraft maintenance decision optimization

Development and application of maintenance decision-making support system for aircraft fleet

Modern production management patterns, in which multi-unit (e.g. an aircraft fleet) are managed in a holistic manner, have brought new challenges for multi-unit maintenance decision-making. To sche...

Multi-objective decision-making model based on CBM for an aircraft fleet with reliability constraint

In this research, we propose a preference-guided optimisation algorithm for multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems with interval-valued fuzzy preferences. The interval-valued fuzzy preferen...

Lin Lin

Papers

Development and application of maintenance decision-making support system for aircraft fleet

Multi-objective decision-making model based on CBM for an aircraft fleet with reliability constraint

PGA/MOEAD: a preference-guided evolutionary algorithm for multi-objective decision-making problems with interval-valued fuzzy preferences