자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

The aim of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is to explore in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world, and the main currency for an IPA study is the meanings particular experiences, events, states hold for participants. The approach is phenomenological (see Chapter 3) in that it involves detailed examination of the participant’s lifeworld; it attempts to explore personal experience and is concerned with an individual’s personal perception or account of an object or event, as opposed to an attempt to produce an objective statement of the object or event itself. At the same time, IPA also emphasizes that the research exercise is a dynamic process with an active role for the researcher in that process. One is trying to get close to the participant’s personal world, to take, in Conrad’s (1987) words, an ‘insider’s perspective’, but one cannot do this directly or completely. Access depends on, and is complicated by, the researcher’s own conceptions; indeed, these are required in order to make sense of that other personal world through a process of interpretative activity. Thus, a two-stage interpretation process, or a double hermeneutic, is involved. The participants are trying to make sense of their world; the researcher is trying to make sense of the participants trying to make sense of their world. IPA is therefore intellectually connected to hermeneutics and theories of interpretation (Packer and Addison, 1989; Palmer, 1969; Smith, in press; see also Chapter 2 this volume). Different interpretative stances are possible, and IPA combines an empathic hermeneutics with a questioning hermeneutics. Thus, consistent with its phenomenological origins, IPA is concerned with trying to understand what it is like, from the point of view of the participants, to take their side. At the same time, a detailed IPA analysis can also involve asking critical questions of the texts from participants, such as the following: What is the person trying to achieve here? Is something leaking out here that wasn’t intended? Do I have a sense of something going on here that maybe the participants themselves are less aware of?

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Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/201/4359/899.2.full.pdf

Phenomenology of perception.

How to ... be a reflective practitioner.

Truth and method

To increase the integrity and trustworthiness of qualitative research, researchers need to evaluate how intersubjective elements influence data collection and analysis. Reflexivity— where researchers engage in explicit, self-aware analysis of their own role—offers one tool for such evaluation. The process of engaging in reflexive analysis, however, is difficult, and its subjective, ambiguous nature is contested. In the face of challenges, researchers might retreat from engaging in the process. In this article, the author seeks to “out” the researcher’s presence by exploring the theory and practice of reflexivity. Examples from research illustrate its problematic potential.

“Outing” the Researcher: The Provenance, Process, and Practice of Reflexivity

How should researchers reflexively evaluate ways in which intersubjective elements transform their research? The process of engaging in reflexivity is full of muddy ambiguity and multiple trails as researchers negotiate the swamp of interminable deconstructions, self analysis and self disclosure. This article examines how researcher-explorers from a range of research traditions have negotiated this swamp in practice, by drawing on examples of their reflexive experience. ‘Maps’ are offered on five variants of reflexivity, namely: (i) introspection; (ii) intersubjective reflection; (iii) mutual collaboration; (iv) social critique; and (v) discursive deconstruction. The diversity of practice suggests competing, though also overlapping, accounts of the rationale and practice of reflexivity. In a critical celebration of the richness of reflexivity, this article aims to demonstrate how each way of approaching reflexivity offers different opportunities and challenges. It is hoped that the maps provided will enab...

Negotiating the swamp: the opportunity and challenge of reflexivity in research practice:

Phenomenological researchers generally agree that our central concern is to return to embodied, experiential meanings aiming for a fresh, complex, rich description of a phenomenon as it is concretely lived. Yet debates abound when it comes to deciding how best to carry out this phenomenological research in practice. Confusion about how to conduct appropriate phenomenological research makes our field difficult for novices to access. Six particular questions are contested: (1) How tightly or loosely should we define what counts as “phenomenology”? (2) Should we always aim to produce a general (normative) description of the phenomenon, or is idiographic analysis a legitimate aim? (3) To what extent should interpretation be involved in our descriptions? (4) Should we set aside or bring to the foreground researcher subjectivity? (5) Should phenomenology be more science than art? (6) Is phenomenology a modernist or postmodernist project, or neither? In this paper, I examine each of these areas of contention in the spirit of fostering dialogue, and promoting openness and clarity in phenomenological inquiry.

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Debating Phenomenological Research Methods

Contributors. Prologue. Part I: Introducing Reflexivity. Introduction . Chapter 1. The reflexive journey, mapping by multiple routes . Chapter 2. Deconstructing reflexivity . Part II: Personal Reflexivity. Introduction . Chapter 3. Necessary subjectivity: exploiting researchera s motives, passions and prejudices in pursuit of answering the a truea questions . Chapter 4. Three journeys towards reflexivity . Chapter 5. Navigating multiple research identities: reflexivity in discourse analytic research . Chapter 6. Doing reflexivities? Dilemmas in devloping a critically reflexive position using discourse analysis . Chapter 7. Reflexivity as presence: a journey of self--inquiry . Part III: Reflexivity Within Relationships. Introduction. Chapter 8. Through the looking glass: inter--subjectivity and hermeneutic reflection . Chapter 9. Analysing the interviewer: the joint construction of accounts of psychotic experience . Chapter 10. Reflexivity, a biasa and the in--depth interview: developing shared meanings . Chapter 11. Shifting researcher positions during a group interview study: a reflexive analysis and review . . Part IV: Reflexivity Through Collaboration. Introduction. Chapter 12. Doing reflexivity: a collaborative, narrative approach . Chapter 13. Shifting identities: the negotiation of meanings between texts and between persons . Chapter 14. Researcher as storyteller and performer: parallels with playback theatre . Chapter 15. Using reflexivity to looses theoretical and organisational knots within participatory action research . Chapter 16. Holding up the mirror to widen the view: multiple subjectivities in the reflexive team . Epilogue. Chapter 17: The next turn: reflexively analysing reflexive research . Index

Reflexivity : a practical guide for researchers in health and social sciences

About the Author vii Preface ix Part I The Phenomenological Project: Concepts, Theory and Philosophy 1 Introduction to Part I 3 1 Phenomenology: Bridging the Practice Research Divide? 5 2 The Phenomenological Project 15 3 The Body in Lived Experience 29 4 Philosophical Foundations 43 5 The 'Phenomenological Attitude' 73 Part II Phenomenological Research Approaches 85 Introduction to Part II 87 6 Descriptive Empirical Phenomenology 93 7 Hermeneutic Phenomenology 109 8 Lifeworld Approaches 125 9 Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis 139 10 First-Person Approaches 149 11 Reflexive-Relational Approaches 159 Part III PhenomenologicalMethods in Practice 177 Introduction to Part III 179 12 Planning the Research 181 13 Gathering Data 197 14 Relational Ethics 217 15 The Process of Analysing Data 227 16 Producing the Research 247 17 Evaluating Research 261 Appendix 273 References 275 Index 295

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Linda Finlay

Papers

“Outing” the Researcher: The Provenance, Process, and Practice of Reflexivity

Negotiating the swamp: the opportunity and challenge of reflexivity in research practice:

Debating Phenomenological Research Methods

Reflexivity : a practical guide for researchers in health and social sciences

Phenomenology for Therapists: Researching the Lived World