In recent decades, nanofiltration (NF) is considered as a promising separation technique to produce drinking water from different types of water source. In this paper, we comprehensively reviewed the progress of NF-based drinking water treatment, through summarizing the development of materials/fabrication and applications of NF membranes in various scenarios including surface water treatment, groundwater treatment, water reuse, brackish water treatment, and point of use applications. We not only summarized the removal of target major pollutants (e.g., hardness, pathogen, and natural organic matter), but also paid attention to the removal of micropollutants of major concern (e.g., disinfection byproducts, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and arsenic). We highlighted that, for different applications, fit-for-purpose design is needed to improve the separation capability for target compounds of NF membranes in addition to their removal of salts. Outlook and perspectives on membrane fouling control, chlorine resistance, integrity, and selectivity are also discussed to provide potential insights for future development of high-efficiency NF membranes for stable and reliable drinking water treatment.

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Nanofiltration for drinking water treatment: a review.

Surface modification of nanofiltration membranes with zwitterions to enhance antifouling properties during brackish water treatment: A new concept of a “buffer layer”

Denitrification performance of nitrate–dependent ferrous (Fe2+) oxidizing Aquabacterium sp. XL4: Adsorption mechanisms of bio–precipitation of phenol and estradiol

Selective electrosorption of Ca2+ by MXene cathodes coupled with NiAl-LMO anodes through ion intercalation.

Effect of a nanofiltration combined process on the treatment of high-hardness and micropolluted water.

\n The countercurrent–cocurrent dissolved air flotation (CCDAF) process is a new type of air flotation process integrating countercurrent collision and cocurrent flow adhesion processes. The structural form of the CCDAF tank and its process parameters are the required conditions to achieve countercurrent collision and cocurrent adhesion. In this study, eight CCDAF tank process models were established with a flow rate of 0.5 m3/h. Flow field numerical simulation and process optimization of a CCDAF tank was conducted using Fluent software. The simulation results show that the optimal conditions for the CCDAF process are as follows: contact zone ascending velocity 10 mm/s, separation zone separation velocity 1.5 mm/s, dissolved gas pressure 0.45 MPa, and recirculating dissolved-gas distribution ratio R1/R2 1:1. Under these operating conditions, the flow state in the flotation tank is the most stable and the gas in the contact zone is evenly distributed. According to the simulation results, a 5 m3/h pilot plant was built. The structural dimensions were: B × L × H = 1,020 mm × 1,300 mm × 1,350 mm. The test results show that the CCDAF has a significant decontamination effect and is clearly superior to the cocurrent flow DAF process and countercurrent flow DAF process.

Liping Tian

Papers

Effect of a nanofiltration combined process on the treatment of high-hardness and micropolluted water.

Research on the CFD numerical simulation and process optimization of countercurrent–cocurrent dissolved air flotation