CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS Introduction Physical Properties Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties GLASSES Introduction Commercial Optical Glasses Specialty Optical Glasses Fused Silica Fluoride Glasses Chalcogenide Glasses Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties Special Glasses POLYMERIC MATERIALS Optical Plastics Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Thermal Properties Engineering Data METALS Physical Properties of Selected Metals Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Mirror Substrate Materials LIQUIDS Introduction Water Physical Properties of Selected Liquids Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Commercial Optical Liquids GASES Introduction Physical Properties of Selected Gases Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Atomic Resonance Filters APPENDICES Safe Handling of Optical Materials Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Mineralogical or Common Names for Optical Materials Abbreviations for Methods of Preparing Optical Materials and Thin Films Fundamental Physical Constants Units and Conversion Factors

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Handbook of Optical Materials

We thoroughly and critically review studies reporting the real (refractive index)
 and imaginary (absorption index) parts of the complex refractive index of silica glass
 over the spectral range from 30 nm to 1000 μm The general features of the optical
 constants over the electromagnetic spectrum are relatively consistent throughout the
 literature In particular, silica glass is effectively opaque for wavelengths shorter
 than 200 nm and larger than 35-40 μm Strong absorption bands are observed (i) below
 160 nm due to the interaction with electrons, absorption by impurities, and the presence
 of OH groups and point defects; (ii) at ~273-285, 35, and 43 μm also caused by OH
 groups; and (iii) at ~9-95, 125, and 21-23 μm due to SiOSi resonance modes of
 vibration However, the actual values of the refractive and absorption indices can vary
 significantly due to the glass manufacturing process, crystallinity, wavelength, and
 temperature and to the presence of impurities, point defects, inclusions, and bubbles,
 as well as to the experimental uncertainties and approximations in the retrieval
 methods Moreover, new formulas providing comprehensive approximations of the optical
 properties of silica glass are proposed between 7 and 50 μm These formulas are
 consistent with experimental data and substantially extend the spectral range of 021-7
 μm covered by existing formulas and can be used in various engineering applications

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Optical constants of silica glass from extreme ultraviolet to far infrared at near room temperature.

A method of cutting a glass sheet that has been thermally or chemically strengthened along a predetermined line, axis, or direction with high speed and with minimum damage on the cut edges. The strengthened glass sheet may be cut into at least two pieces, one of which having a predetermined shape or dimension. At least one damage line is formed within the strengthened glass sheet. The at least one damage line is formed outside the strengthened compressive stress surface layers and within the tensile stress layer of the strengthened glass sheet. The at least one damage line may be formed by laser treatment. A crack is initiated in the strengthened glass sheet and propagated along the at least one damage line to separate the strengthened glass sheet along the predetermined line, axis, or direction into at least two pieces.

Method of separating strengthened glass

Apparatus, systems and methods for improving strength of a thin glass cover for an electronic device are disclosed. In one embodiment, the glass member can have improved strength by forming its edges with a predetermined geometry and/or by chemically strengthening the edges. Advantageously, the glass member can be not only thin but also adequately strong to limit susceptibility to damage. In one embodiment, the glass member can pertain to a glass cover for a housing for an electronic device. The glass cover can be provided over or integrated with a display, such as a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) display.

Techniques for Strengthening Glass Covers for Portable Electronic Devices

The applications of strontium titanium oxide based thermoelectric materials are currently limited by their high operating temperatures of >700 °C. Herein, we show that the thermal operating window of lanthanum strontium titanium oxide (LSTO) can be reduced to room temperature by the addition of a small amount of graphene. This increase in operating performance will enable future applications such as generators in vehicles and other sectors. The LSTO composites incorporated one percent or less of graphene and were sintered under an argon/hydrogen atmosphere. The resultant materials were reduced and possessed a multiphase structure with nanosized grains. The thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites decreased upon the addition of graphene, whereas the electrical conductivity and power factor both increased significantly. These factors, together with a moderate Seebeck coefficient, meant that a high power factor of ∼2500 μWm–1 K–2 was reached at room temperature at a loading of 0.6 wt % graphene. The highes...

Thermoelectric power generation from lanthanum strontium titanium oxide at room temperature through the addition of graphene

Strengthened glass substrate sheets and methods of fabricating glass panels from glass substrate sheets are disclosed In one embodiment, a method includes forming at least one series of holes through a thickness of the glass substrate sheet, wherein the at least one series of holes defines a perimeter of the glass panel to be separated from the glass substrate sheet The method further includes strengthening the glass substrate sheet by a strengthening process, and separating the glass panel from the glass substrate sheet along the at least one series of holes At least a portion of one or more edges of the glass panel has an associated edge compressive layer In another embodiment, a strengthened glass substrate sheet includes at least one series of holes that defines a perimeter of one or more glass panels to be separated from the strengthened glass substrate sheet

Strengthened glass substrate sheets and methods for fabricating glass panels from glass substrate sheets

A method for cutting a glass article from a strengthened glass substrate having a surface compression layer and a tensile layer includes forming an edge defect in the surface compression layer on a first edge of the strengthened glass substrate. The method further includes propagating a through vent through the surface compression and tensile layers at the edge defect. The through vent precedes a region of separation along a cut line between the glass article and the strengthened glass substrate.

Methods for laser cutting glass substrates

Methods for separating strengthened glass articles from glass substrate sheets and strengthened glass substrate sheets are described herein. In one embodiment, a method of separating a glass article from a glass substrate sheet includes forming at least one groove on at least one surface of the glass substrate sheet. The at least one groove continuously extends around a perimeter of the glass article and extends partially through a thickness of the glass substrate sheet. The method further includes strengthening the glass substrate sheet by a strengthening process and separating the glass article from the glass substrate sheet along the at least one groove such that one or more edges of the glass article are under compressive stress. In another embodiment, a strengthened glass substrate sheet includes an ion exchanged glass having one or more grooves in one or more strengthened surface layers, the one or more grooves defining glass articles.

Methods for forming grooves and separating strengthened glass substrate sheets

Glass interposer panels and methods for forming the same are described herein. The interposer panels include a glass substrate core formed from an ion-exchangeable glass. A first layer of compressive stress may extend from a first surface of the glass substrate into the thickness T of the glass substrate core to a first depth of layer D1. A second layer of compressive stress may be spaced apart from the first layer of compressive stress and extending from a second surface of the glass substrate core into the thickness T of the glass substrate core to a second depth of layer D2. A plurality of through-vias may extend through the thickness T of the glass substrate core. Each through-via is surrounded by an intermediate zone of compressive stress that extends from the first layer of compressive stress to the second layer of compressive stress adjacent to a sidewall of each through-via.

Glass interposer panels and methods for making the same

Methods for separating glass articles from glass substrate sheets are described herein. In one embodiment, a method includes focusing a laser beam on at least one surface of the glass substrate sheet such that the laser beam has an asymmetrical intensity distribution at the at least one surface of the glass substrate sheet. The method further includes translating the laser beam on the at least one surface of the glass substrate sheet along a desired groove line to form at least one groove on the at least one surface of the glass substrate sheet. The at least one groove extends partially through a thickness of the glass substrate sheet along the desired groove line and has bevelled or chamfered walls. The glass article may be separated from the glass substrate sheet along the at least one groove.

Lisa A. Moore

Papers

Strengthened glass substrate sheets and methods for fabricating glass panels from glass substrate sheets

Methods for laser cutting glass substrates

Methods for forming grooves and separating strengthened glass substrate sheets

Glass interposer panels and methods for making the same

Methods for separating glass substrate sheets by laser-formed grooves