자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

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Racial microaggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of color. Perpetrators of microaggressions are often unaware that they engage in such communications when they interact with racial/ethnic minorities. A taxonomy of racial microaggressions in everyday life was created through a review of the social psychological literature on aversive racism, from formulations regarding the manifestation and impact of everyday racism, and from reading numerous personal narratives of counselors (both White and those of color) on their racial/cultural awakening. Microaggressions seem to appear in three forms: microassault, microinsult, and microinvalidation. Almost all interracial encounters are prone to microaggressions; this article uses the White counselor--client of color counseling dyad to illustrate how they impair the development of a therapeutic alliance. Suggestions regarding education and training and research in the helping professions are discussed.

/pdf/racial-microaggressions-in-everyday-life-implications-for-30r75e8a7h.pdf

Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice.

萨义德以其独特的双重身份,对西方中心权力话语做了分析,通过对文学作品、演讲演说等文本的解读,将O rie n ta lis m——"东方学",做了三重释义:一门学科、一种思维方式和一种权力话语系统,对东方学权力话语做了系统的批判,同时将东方学放入空间维度对东方学文本做了细致的解读。

萨义德的“Orientalism”释义

The Wretched of the Earth

This investigation reports on the development and initial validation of the Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW), which operationalizes the idea that racism has a host of psychosocial costs for White individuals. Data from 727 participants were collected in 3 interrelated studies that subjected the items to the rigors of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Exploratory factor analysis results suggested a 16-item scale with 3 factors as follows: (a) White Empathic Reactions Toward Racism, (b) White Guilt, and (c) White Fear of Others. Results also indicated that participant responses were not simply reflections of socially desirable responding. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the 3-factor model was a good fit for the data. Estimates of internal consistency, temporal stability, and construct validity are provided.

Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW): Construction and initial validation

The authors examined the association between color-blind racial ideology and self-reported multicultural counseling competencies in 130 applied psychology students and mental health workers. Results from 1 sample (n = 79) indicated that greater levels of color-blind racial ideology as measured by the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (Neville, Lilly, Duran, Lee, & Browne, 2000) were (1) related to lower self-reported multicultural counseling awareness and knowledge as measured by the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS; Ponterotto, Gretchen, Utsey, Rieger, & Austin, 2002) and (2) accounted for a significant amount of variance in MCKAS scores over and above that explained by self-reported multicultural training, social desirability, and participant race. Findings from another sample also provided empirical support for the link between higher color-blind racial ideology and lower multicultural case conceptualization ability (n = 51), after controlling for the influence of the number of multicultural course(s) taken. Implications of the findings and future directions are provided.

Exploring the association between color-blind racial ideology and multicultural counseling competencies.

Race, power, and multicultural counseling psychology: Understanding white privilege and color-blind racial attitudes.

This qualitative study explored East and South Asian international students' (N = 12) experiences with racial microaggressions at one Canadian university. Data were collected through unstructured, individual interviews. Using a modified version of the consensual qualitative research method (Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997), we identified six racial microaggressions themes: (a) excluded and avoided, (b) ridiculed for accent, (c) rendered invisible, (d) disregarded international values and needs, (e) ascription of intelligence, and (f) environmental microaggressions (structural barriers on campus). In addition, we used the same approach to identify themes pertaining to the ways in which students coped with racial microaggressions: (a) engaging with own racial and cultural groups, (b) withdrawing from academic spheres, and (c) seeking comfort in the surrounding multicultural milieu. Microaggressions and coping themes differed based on country of origin and language proficiency. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

http://psych.utoronto.ca/users/tafarodi/Papers/CDEMP2014.pdf

Excluded and avoided: racial microaggressions targeting Asian international students in Canada.

In this article, the authors describe 3 interrelated investigations among White undergraduate and graduatestudents that document the development and initial validation of the White Privilege Attitudes Scale(WPAS). The WPAS assesses the multidimensional nature of White privilege attitudes, reflectingaffective, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions. In Study 1 ( n 250), exploratory factor analysissuggested a 28-item scale with 4 factors as follows: (a) Willingness to Confront White Privilege, (b)Anticipated Costs of Addressing White Privilege, (c) White Privilege Awareness, and (d) White PrivilegeRemorse. In Study 2 ( n 251), confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 4-factor model was abetter fit of the data compared with competing models. The authors also found support for convergentvalidity between scores on the WPAS factors and theoretically related measures. Study 3 ( n 40)documented testretest reliability of each of the WPAS factors and nonsignificant associations withsocially desirable responding. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.Keywords: white privilege, racism, Whites, scale construction, race relations

Lisa B. Spanierman

Papers

Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW): Construction and initial validation

Exploring the association between color-blind racial ideology and multicultural counseling competencies.

Race, power, and multicultural counseling psychology: Understanding white privilege and color-blind racial attitudes.

Excluded and avoided: racial microaggressions targeting Asian international students in Canada.

The White Privilege Attitudes Scale: Development and initial validation.