. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.1 Aims and rationale for current review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2 Definitional and conceptual issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3 Policy and practice background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4 Research background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5 Purpose and rationale for review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6 Authors, funders and other users of the review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.7 Review questions and approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2. Methods used in the review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.1 User involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 Identifying and describing studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3 In-depth review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3. Identifying and describing studies: Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.1 Studies included from searching and screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.2 Characteristics of the 168 included studies (systematic map 1970-2005) . . . . . . . . . .21 3.3 Identifying and describing studies: quality-assurance results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4 Summary of results of map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4. In-depth review: Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.1 Selecting studies for the in-depth review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.2 Comparing the studies selected for in-depth review with the total studies in . . . . . systematic map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.3 Further details of studies included in the in-depth review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.4 Synthesis of evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.5 In-depth review: quality-assurance results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.6 Nature of users’ involvement in the review and its impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.7 Summary of results of synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 5. Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.1 Strengths and limitations of this systematic review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.2 Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6.1 Studies included in map and synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6.2 Other references used in the text of the technical report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Appendix 1.1: Authorship of this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Appendix 2.1: Inclusion and exclusion criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Appendix 2.2: Search strategy for electronic databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Appendix 2.3: Journals handsearched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Appendix 2.4: EPPI-Centre Keyword sheet including review specific . . . . . . . . keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Appendix 3.1: Figure 3.1 1970-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Appendix 3.2: Post-2003 studies of TAs in primary schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Appendix 4.1: Details of studies included in the in-depth review . . . . . . . . 95 Appendix 4.2: Synthesis tables of studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Appendix 4.3: Synthesis tables of all studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Appendix 4.4: Studies known to focus on secondary mainstream only . . . 149 Appendix 4.5: Non European studies excluded from the in-depth review . 150 List of abbreviations AEI Australian Education Index BEI British Education Index BERA British Association for Educational Research BGC Bishop Grosseteste College BTA Bilingual teaching assistant CA Classroom assistant CIREA Centre for Innovation in Raising Educational Achievement CPD Continuing professional development DCSF Department for Children, Schools and Families DfEE Department for Education & Employment DfES Department for Education and Skills EAL English as an additional language ERIC Educational Resource Index and Abstracts FTE Fulltime equivalent GTC General Teaching Council HE Higher Education HEI Higher education institution HLTAs Higher level teaching assistants IBSS International Bibliography of the Social Sciences ITE Initial teacher education KS Key Stage LA Local authority LEA Local education authority LSA Learning support assistant MLD Moderate learning diffi culties NQT Newly qualifi ed teacher OFSTED Offi ce for Standards in Education PGCE Post-Graduate Certifi cate of Education PMLD Profound and multiple learning diffi culties QA Quality assurance QTS Qualifi ed teacher status SEBD Social, emotional and behavioural diffi culties SEN Special educational needs SENCO Special educational needs co-ordinator SLD Severe learning disabilities SNA Special needs assistant STA Specialist teaching assistant TA Teaching assistant TDA Training and Development Agency for Schools WoE Weight of evidence

A systematic literature review on the perceptions of ways in which teaching assistants work to support pupils' social and academic engagement in secondary classrooms (1988-2005)

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EPDA Institute for Teacher Aides.

Teacher Aides: Their Role in the Schools.

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The Role of Paraprofessionals in the Schools: A National Study.

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Teacher aide experiences as a supplement to reading methods courses.

in ERIC ED 017-051 EPSB, U/A, U/C Van Schaick, S. "Composition-reading machine" Engl J 49: 237-41, Ap 1960. U/A, U/C Weisz, V.C. and H.J. Butler. "Training teachers' aides at Garland" Jun Col J 36:6-7, Ap 1966 U/A, U/C Weisz, Vera C. A Junior College's Approach to Training Auxiliary Personnel in Education. Washington, D.C.: Office of Economic Opportunity, 1968. 73 p. What is the Teacher Aide's Role? Chronicle Guidance Reprint Service, Moravia, N.Y. 13118 Reprint #R 147. The "Why" and "How" of the Teacher Aide Program. Central Michigan College, Mt Pleasant, 18 p. 1958 "Why not over here? Helping Hands" Times Educ Supp, Jan. 21, 1966 Wilcox, B.A. "What is the teacher aide's role?" Minn J Ed 47:9-10, My 1967 Williams, L. "A proposal for non-professional assistants for teachers" AviAK 49:25-7, Ja 1969 Williams, R.F. "Tomorrow will be different" Va J Ed 60:16-19, D 1966 U/C.

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Lloyd W. West

Papers

An Evaluation of the Use of Teachers' Aides in Eckville School.