In 1994, CDC published the Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HealthCare Facilities, 1994. The guidelines were issued in response to 1) a resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) disease that occurred in the United States in the mid-1980s and early 1990s, 2) the documentation of several high-profile health-care--associated (previously termed "nosocomial") outbreaks related to an increase in the prevalence of TB disease and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, 3) lapses in infection control practices, 4) delays in the diagnosis and treatment of persons with infectious TB disease, and 5) the appearance and transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB strains. The 1994 guidelines, which followed statements issued in 1982 and 1990, presented recommendations for TB infection control based on a risk assessment process that classified health-care facilities according to categories of TB risk, with a corresponding series of administrative, environmental, and respiratory protection control measures. The TB infection control measures recommended by CDC in 1994 were implemented widely in health-care facilities in the United States. The result has been a decrease in the number of TB outbreaks in health-care settings reported to CDC and a reduction in health-care-associated transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to patients and health-care workers (HCWs). Concurrent with this success, mobilization of the nation's TB control programs succeeded in reversing the upsurge in reported cases of TB disease, and case rates have declined in the subsequent 10 years. Findings indicate that although the 2004 TB rate was the lowest recorded in the United States since national reporting began in 1953, the declines in rates for 2003 (2.3%) and 2004 (3.2%) were the smallest since 1993. In addition, TB infection rates greater than the U.S. average continue to be reported in certain racial/ethnic populations. The threat of MDR TB is decreasing, and the transmission of M. tuberculosis in health-care settings continues to decrease because of implementation of infection-control measures and reductions in community rates of TB. Given the changes in epidemiology and a request by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET) for review and update of the 1994 TB infection control document, CDC has reassessed the TB infection control guidelines for health-care settings. This report updates TB control recommendations reflecting shifts in the epidemiology of TB, advances in scientific understanding, and changes in health-care practice that have occurred in the United States during the preceding decade. In the context of diminished risk for health-care-associated transmission of M. tuberculosis, this document places emphasis on actions to maintain momentum and expertise needed to avert another TB resurgence and to eliminate the lingering threat to HCWs, which is mainly from patients or others with unsuspected and undiagnosed infectious TB disease. CDC prepared the current guidelines in consultation with experts in TB, infection control, environmental control, respiratory protection, and occupational health. The new guidelines have been expanded to address a broader concept; health-care--associated settings go beyond the previously defined facilities. The term "health-care setting" includes many types, such as inpatient settings, outpatient settings, TB clinics, settings in correctional facilities in which health care is delivered, settings in which home-based health-care and emergency medical services are provided, and laboratories handling clinical specimens that might contain M. tuberculosis. The term "setting" has been chosen over the term "facility," used in the previous guidelines, to broaden the potential places for which these guidelines apply.

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Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005

Correlations and data for the thermophysical properties of seawater are reviewed. Properties examined include density, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, latent heat of vaporization, specifi c enthalpy, specific entropy and osmotic coefficient. These properties include those needed for design of thermal and membrane desalination processes. Results are presented in terms of regression equations as functions of temperature and salinity. The available correlations for each property are summarized with their range of validity and accuracy. Best-fi tted new correlations are obtained from available data for density, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, boiling point elevation, specifi c enthalpy, specific entropy and osmotic coefficient after appropriate conversion of temperature and salinity scales to the most recent standards. In addition, a model for latent heat of vaporization is suggested. Comparisons are carried out amo...

The thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing correlations and data

Experimental determination of thermal conductivity of three nanofluids and development of new correlations

Viscosity of copper oxide nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol and water mixture

A theoretical adaptive model of thermal comfort – Adaptive Predicted Mean Vote (aPMV)

El pasado 3 de Octubre de 2002 se llevo a cabo la ceremonia de abanderamiento de la Directiva de la Rama Estudiantil de ASHRAE en la Facultad de Ingenieria Mecanica y Electrica (FIME) de la UANL. El evento tuvo lugar en el Auditorio «Raul Quintero Flores» en donde se conto con la presencia de Fernando Gomez quien asistio en representacion del Rector de la UANL y Esteban Baez, Subdirector de Vinculacion de la FIME y representante del Director de la FIME, junto con directivos de ASHRAE Internacional. Despues de una presentacion que describe a la FIME, los asistentes escucharon las palabras del Presidente del Capitulo Monterrey de ASHRAE, Carlos Huerta, quien manifesto su orgullo en ser presidente en este momento y reconocio el trabajo que otros directivos han desarrollado a lo largo de los anos. Senalo que entre las actividades de la asociacion se encuentra el fomento a las actividades de investigacion y desarrollo. Menciono tambien la importancia que la rama estudiantil tiene en la vida de la asociacion y reitero el apoyo de ASHRAE a las actividades estudiantiles y su deseo de contribuir en su formacion. Por su parte el Director de la Region 8, Hugh McMillan, a nombre de ASHRAE internacional manifesto la satisfaccion que brinda trabajar en el area y elogio el entusiasmo de la gente de Monterrey. Comento que todos debemos prepararnos y que fortalecer la rama estudiantil es una gran manera. Se debe tener ademas presente que ya sea como lideres o como participantes, no se debe olvidar que se cuenta con la tutoria del Capitulo Monterrey para seguir adelante. Expreso que se trata de un reto, pero que con los elementos disponibles se vislumbra un futuro brillante. A continuacion el Asesor de Capitulos, Leo Stambaugh, menciono cuales son las funciones de ASHRAE, enfatizando que esta involucrada en proveer una vida mejor a la comunidad. Retomo el aspecto de investigacion con un ejemplo relacionado con una aplicacion en el telescopio espacial, en la que se da investigacion interdisciplinaria que va mas alla de los aspectos tipicos de aire acondicionado. Hablo de los capitulos con los que Monterrey interactua y les deseo a todos que disfrutaran ser parte de ASHRAE tanto como el. El Presidente Electo de ASHRAE Internacional, Richard Rooley en su mensaje menciono que el es el primer presidente de ASHRAE que no es americano, y lo ligo con una narracion en la que describe que todos los que pertenecen a ASHRAE lo hacen porque es una gran sociedad internacional, hablo de la responsabilidad que implica ser ingenieros, senalando que en este campo no hay diferencias entre idiomas, ideologias o religiones. Despues de esta reflexion, junto con el presidente de ASHRAE Monterrey realizaron la ceremonia de abanderamiento que consistio en presentar a Jesus Garza como asesor de la Rama Estudiantil de la FIME y le entregaron un manual en el que se consignan los procedimientos y que le ayudaran a cumplir con su funcion. Se presento formalmente a la directiva de esta rama, compuesta por: Miguel Angel Ruiz Silva, Presidente; Laura Cristina Grimaldo Padilla, Presidente Electo; Rosa Maria Torres Luevano, Tesorero; y Carlos Alberto Espinoza Sanchez, Secretario. Se les entrego el banderin de la Rama Estudiantil de ASHRAE en la UANL, y se les pidio que lo muestren con orgullo en cualquier evento o reunion de la asociacion que realicen. Para concluir el evento, Miguel Ruiz se dirigio a los presentes aceptando este reconocimiento, explicando que la responsabilidad que conlleva solamente podra ser enfrentada con el apoyo de catedraticos, investigadores y los propios estudiantes, invitandolos a que aprovechen el apoyo que ASHRAE otorga. Posteriormente a la ceremonia se efectuo una visita a algunas de las instalaciones de la FIME en donde se hizo mencion de las labores de investigacion y desarrollo que se llevan a cabo en la facultad, incluyendo aspectos energeticos y formas no convencionales de transferencia de calor.

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London Canada

Papers

American society of heating, refrigeration and air conditioning engineers inc