Distinguishing four sources of power in human societies – ideological, economic, military and political – The Sources of Social Power traces their interrelations throughout human history In this first volume, Michael Mann examines interrelations between these elements from neolithic times, through ancient Near Eastern civilizations, the classical Mediterranean age and medieval Europe, up to just before the Industrial Revolution in England It offers explanations of the emergence of the state and social stratification; of city-states, militaristic empires and the persistent interaction between them; of the world salvation religions; and of the particular dynamism of medieval and early modern Europe It ends by generalizing about the nature of overall social development, the varying forms of social cohesion and the role of classes and class struggle in history First published in 1986, this new edition of Volume 1 includes a new preface by the author examining the impact and legacy of the work

The sources of social power

What drives politics in dictatorships? Milan W. Svolik argues authoritarian regimes must resolve two fundamental conflicts. Dictators face threats from the masses over which they rule - the problem of authoritarian control. Secondly from the elites with whom dictators rule - the problem of authoritarian power-sharing. Using the tools of game theory, Svolik explains why some dictators establish personal autocracy and stay in power for decades; why elsewhere leadership changes are regular and institutionalized, as in contemporary China; why some dictatorships are ruled by soldiers, as Uganda was under Idi Amin; why many authoritarian regimes, such as PRI-era Mexico, maintain regime-sanctioned political parties; and why a country's authoritarian past casts a long shadow over its prospects for democracy, as the unfolding events of the Arab Spring reveal. Svolik complements these and other historical case studies with the statistical analysis on institutions, leaders and ruling coalitions across dictatorships from 1946 to 2008.

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The Politics of Authoritarian Rule

Travel seems to generate consistently ambivalent or contradictory representa­ tions. Why is it that Levi-Strauss opens his travel autobiography Tristes Tropiques, which brought him such fame, by declaring that he hates traveling and travelers ( 1 1 1 : 15)? Why do so many tourists claim that they are not tourists themselves and that they dislike and avoid other tourists ( 1 1 5 : 1 0): Is this some modem cultural form of self-loathing? In The Innocents Abroad Mark Twain asserts that "travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry and nar­ rowmindedness . . . " ( 198 , Vol. 2:407) and yet goes on, page after page, about the daily torture and anxiety involved in foreign travel . Fatigue, and the constant annoyance of beggars and guides "fill one with bitter prejudice" ( 198 , Vol . 1 :253), he comments. "Another beggar approaches. I will go out and destroy him and then come back and write another chapter of vitupera­ tion" ( 198 , Vol. 1 :269). Unlike Malinowski' s mythologizing record of par­ ticipant observation in his professional works , with embarrassing confessions, ambivalence, and hostility confined to his diary ( 1 1 8) , Twain serves up the negative, positive, and contradictory in a single work. Twain traveled and wrote at a time when the foundations of the modem travel industry were being laid; and if in 1 9th-century creative literature we have images of "travel ," in that of the 20th we find portrayed its contemporary degenerate offspring-mass tourism. "Degeneracy" is an image that keeps surfacing, and so not surprisingly representations of tourism are frequently even more hostile than those of travel. As MacCannell puts it, "The term 'tourist' is increasingly used as a derisive label for someone who seems content with his obviously inauthentic experiences" ( 1 1 5 :94). John Fowles

Representations of International Tourism in the Social Sciences: Sun, Sex, Sights, Savings, and Servility

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The Differentiated Classroom Responding To The Needs Of All Learners

Not simply an "event" or merely an "incident, " the 1962 standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union over missiles in Cuba was a crisis, which subsequently has achieved almost mythic significance in the annals of U.S. foreign policy. Jutta Weldes asks why this occurrence in particular should be cast as a crisis, and how this so significantly affected "the national interest." Here, Weldes analyzes the so-called Cuban missile crisis as a means to rethink the idea of national interest, a notion central to both the study and practice of international relations.Why did the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba constitute a crisis for U.S. state officials and thus a dire threat to U.S. national interests? It was, Weldes suggests, more a matter of discursive construction than of objective facts or circumstances. Drawing on social theory and on concepts from cultural studies, she exposes the "realities" of the crisis as social creations in the service of a particular and precarious U.S. state identity defined within the Cold War U.S. "security imaginary." Constructing National Interests shows how this process allowed for a redefining of the identities, interests, and likely actions of various states, so that it seemed to logically serve the U.S. national interest in removing the missiles from Cuba.

Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis

With this work, Louis A. Perez Jr. seeks to transform the way we view Cuba and its relationship with the United States. "On Becoming Cuban" is a sweeping cultural history of the sustained encounter between the peoples of the two countries and of the ways that this encounter helped shape Cubans' identity, nationality and sense of modernity from the early 1850s until the revolution of 1959. Using a range of Cuban and US sources - from archival records and oral interviews to popular magazines, novels and motion pictures - Perez reveals a powerful web of everyday, bilateral connections between the United States and Cuba and shows how US cultural forms had a critical influence on the development of Cubans' sense of themselves as a people and as a nation. He also articulates the cultural context for the revolution that erupted in Cuba in 1959. In the middle of the 20th century, Perez argues, when economic hard times and political crises combined to make Cubans painfully aware that their American-influenced expectations of prosperity and modernity would not be realized, the stage was set for revolution.

On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture

Spanning the history of the island from pre-Columbian times to the present, this highly acclaimed survey examines Cuba's political and economic development within the context of its international relations and continuing struggle for self-determination. The dualism that emerged in Cuban ideology-between liberal constructs of patria and radical formulations of nationality-is fully investigated as a source of both national tension and competing notions of liberty, equality, and justice. Perez integrates local and provincial developments with issues of class, race, and gender to give readers a full and fascinating account of Cuba's history, focusing on its struggle for nationality. This fourth edition features the latest research on Cuba. The political chronology has been revised and updated and the extensive bibliography has been both condensed, where necessary, and expanded to highlight the scholarship of the past decade.

Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution

The close ties between Cuba and the United States are explored from political, economic and cultural perspectives. The author explains the dilemma that this proximity has entailed for both sides from the 18th century until the present day.

Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy

A century after the Cuban war for independence was fought, Louis Perez examines the meaning of the war of 1898 as represented in 100 years of American historical writing. Offering both a critique of the conventional historiography and an alternate history of the war informed by Cuban sources, Perez explores the assumptions that have shaped our understanding of the "Spanish-American War" - a construct, he argues, that denies the Cubans' participation in their own struggle for liberation from Spanish rule. Perez examines historical accounts of the destruction of the battleship "Maine", the representation of public opinion as a precipitant of war, and the treatment of the military campaign in Cuba. Equally important, he shows how historical narratives have helped sustain notions of America's national purpose and policy, many of which were first articulated in 1898. Cuba insinuated itself into one of the most important chapters of US history, and what happened on the island in the final decade of the 19th century - and the way in which what happened was subsequently represented - has had far-reaching implications, many of which continue to resonate today.

Louis A. Pérez

Papers

On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture

Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution

Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution

Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy

The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography