児童の権利に関する条約 = Convention on the rights of the child

Importance There has been growing research into the mental health consequences of major disasters. Few studies have controlled for prospectively assessed mental health. This article describes a natural experiment in which 57% of a well-studied birth cohort was exposed to a major natural disaster (the Canterbury, New Zealand, earthquakes in 2010-2011), with the remainder living outside of the earthquake area. Objective To examine the relationships between the extent of earthquake exposure and mental health outcomes following the earthquakes—net of adjustment for potentially confounding factors related to personal circumstances, prior mental health, and childhood family background. Design, Setting, and Participants Data were gathered from the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a 35-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of New Zealand children (635 males and 630 females). This general community sample included 952 participants with available data on earthquake exposure and mental health outcomes at age 35 years. Exposures A composite measure of exposure to the events during and subsequent to the 4 major (Richter Scale >6.0) Canterbury earthquakes during the years 2010-2011. Main Outcomes and Measures DSM-IVsymptom criteria for major depression; posttraumatic stress disorder; anxiety disorder; suicidal ideation/attempt; nicotine dependence; alcohol abuse/dependence; and illicit drug abuse/dependence. Outcomes were measured approximately 20 to 24 months after the onset of exposure to the earthquakes and were assessed usingDSM-IVdiagnostic criteria and measures of subclinical symptoms. Results After covariate adjustment, cohort members with high levels of exposure to the earthquakes had rates of mental disorder that were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.7) times higher than those of cohort members not exposed. This increase was due to increases in the rates of major depression; posttraumatic stress disorder; other anxiety disorders; and nicotine dependence. Similar results were found using a measure of subclinical symptoms (incidence rate ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.6). Estimates of attributable fraction suggested that exposure to the Canterbury earthquakes accounted for 10.8% to 13.3% of the overall rate of mental disorder in the cohort at age 35 years. Conclusions and Relevance Following extensive control for prospectively measured confounding factors, exposure to the Canterbury earthquakes was associated with a small to moderate increase in the risk for common mental health problems.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/articlepdf/1888682/yoi140034.pdf

Impact of a major disaster on the mental health of a well-studied cohort.

Community resilience has been addressed across multiple disciplines including environmental sciences, engineering, sociology, psychology, and economics. Interest in community resilience gained momentum following several key natural and human-caused hazards in the United States and worldwide. To date, a comprehensive community resilience model that encompasses the performance of all the physical and socio-economic components from immediate impact through the recovery phase of a natural disaster has not been available. This paper summarizes a literature review of previous community resilience studies with a focus on natural hazards, which includes primarily models of individual infrastructure systems, their interdependencies, and community economic and social systems. A series of national and international initiatives aimed at community resilience are also summarized in this study. This paper suggests extensions of existing modeling methodologies aimed at developing an improved, integrated understanding of resilience that can be used by policy-makers in preparation for future events.

/pdf/state-of-the-research-in-community-resilience-progress-and-4xc4amxb81.pdf

State of the research in community resilience: progress and challenges.

This report investigates the relationships between mobility (the amount people travel) and crash risk, and the traffic safety impacts of mobility management strategies that change travel patterns to increase transportation system efficiency. Although many factors affect traffic crash rates, evidence summarized in this report indicates that all else being equal, per capita traffic crash rates increase with per capita vehicle travel, and that mobility management strategies tend to provide safety benefits. Strategies that reduce per capita vehicle travel tend to reduce overall crash risk. Mode shifting tends to reduce per capita crash rates by reducing risk per mile and total mileage. Shifting vehicle travel from moreto less-congested conditions tends to reduce crash frequency but may increase crash severity due to higher traffic speeds. Smart growth land use policies tend to reduce crash severity and fatality rates, although crash frequency may increase due to increased traffic density. Strategies that reduce traffic speeds provide significant safety benefits. Conventional traffic risk analysis tends to understate the safety impacts of changes in mileage. This analysis indicates that mobility management is a cost effective traffic safety strategy, and increased safety is one of the largest benefits of mobility management.

Safe Travels: Evaluating Mobility Management Traffic Safety Impacts

– When the devastating 6.3 magnitude earthquake hit Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand on the 22 February 2011 the landscape of the city and its communities were irrevocably changed. The purpose of this paper is to provide case study evidence demonstrating the role of a grassroots organisation in shaping a community defined concept of resilience through self-organised disaster response action. , – The case organisation, Project Lyttelton is a community group, located in the suburb of Lyttelton, dedicated to building community and resilience through local projects and action. This case study was conducted through in-depth qualitative interviews with key members of the organisation, as well as key individuals in the broader community. , – This research has found that Project Lyttelton played a strong role in providing avenues for citizen participation post disaster. Of particular significance was the role of the timebank in providing an already established network for active participation by citizens in the response and recovery. Other findings outline the importance of pre-disaster community activity for facilitating social support and social learning. , – This research contributes to the literature by providing case study evidence for the value of a community led and defined framework of resilience. The findings of this work support the need for further integration and support for local community led preparedness and response initiatives and demonstrate the possible value of pre-disaster community preparedness activities. Consequently, this work is of use to academics interested in the role of community following disasters, as well as emergency management practitioners interested in possible pathways for fostering and encouraging locally focused disaster preparedness activities. The findings may also be of interest to community groups working in the sphere of community building and resilience.

Local responses to disaster: The value of community led post disaster response action in a resilience framework

Internationally, enhancing community resilience is considered key to disaster management. Factors that affect community resilience from a community perspective are explored across six communities. The research occurred following a series of devastating earthquakes in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. Results show that connected communities with pre-existing community infrastructure (e.g. community and tribal organisations, local leaders) found it easier to adapt after the earthquakes. Existing hardship was exacerbated by disaster. The research sheds light on how to foster resilient communities and the importance of doing this because resilient communities cope better with, and recover faster from, crises. However, communities need to be sufficiently resourced to carry out their vital role.

http://www.hauora.co.nz/assets/files/Resources/Final%20Report%20to%20HRC%20-%20Building%20Community%20Resilience.pdf

Building community resilience: learning from the Canterbury earthquakes

/pdf/comprehensive-plan-to-inform-the-design-of-a-national-3e76720j11.pdf

Comprehensive plan to inform the design of a national breastfeeding promotion campaign

This report discusses the use of health impact assessments to determine the impacts on the public health and well being of the population of New Zealand, from transportation projects in New Zealand. It evaluates the need for health impact assessments, discusses impediments to the use of health impact assessments, describes the best ways to apply health impact assessments in New Zealand's transportation projects and investments, and offers recommendations to better integrate health impact assessments with other development undertakings in the transportation sector.

https://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/resources/research/reports/375/docs/375.pdf

Applying Health Impact Assessment to Land Transport Planning

This paper explores whether industry self-regulation of food advertising to children protects child rights. The New Zealand Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) system is analysed with respect to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCROC). Content analysis of data sources such as the ASA website and key documents is used. Eight decisions on public complaints about advertising are analysed. This research finds that implementation of the codes includes partial, unjustified and inconsistent decision making by the complaints board; failure to implement changes to codes; and failure to prevent unhealthy food advertisements being developed and aired. The ASA system is found to be reactive, to have limited sanctions, to provide little incentive for restraint by advertisers, and to lack independent monitoring. This analysis suggests the New Zealand advertising standards system does not protect the rights of children by failing to enact the spirit of UNCROC and specifically by not adequatel...

Does industry regulation of food advertising protect child rights

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1753-6405.12895

Louise Thornley

Papers

Building community resilience: learning from the Canterbury earthquakes

Comprehensive plan to inform the design of a national breastfeeding promotion campaign

Applying Health Impact Assessment to Land Transport Planning

Does industry regulation of food advertising protect child rights

Why don't owners improve their homes? Results from a survey following a housing warrant-of-fitness assessment for health and safety.