A molecular systematic study of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato using DNA sequences of three plastid genes (rbcL, ndhF, and rps2) revealed at least five distinct monophyletic groups. Thirty-nine genera representing 24 tribes of the Scrophulariaceae s.l. (sensu lato) were analyzed along with representatives of 15 other families of Lamiales. The Scrophulariaceae s.s. (sensu stricto) include part or all of tribes Aptosimeae, Hemimerideae, Leucophylleae, Manuleae, Selagineae, and Verbasceae (5 Scrophularieae) and the conventional families Buddlejaceae and Myoporaceae. Veronicaceae includes all or part of tribes Angelonieae, Antirrhineae, Cheloneae, Digitaleae, and Gratioleae and the conventional families Callitrichaceae, Globulariaceae, Hippuridaceae, and Plantaginaceae. The Orobanchaceae include tribes Buchnereae, Rhinantheae, and the conventional Orobanchaceae. All sampled members of Orobanchaceae are parasitic, except Lindenbergia, which is sister to the rest of the family. Family Calceolariaceae Olmstead is newly erected herein to recognize the phylogenetic distinctiveness of tribe Calceolarieae. The Calceolariaceae are close to the base of the Lamiales. The Stilbaceae are expanded by the inclusion of Halleria. Mimulus does not belong in any of these five groups.

http://depts.washington.edu/phylo/OlmsteadPubs/AJB.Disintegration.pdf

Disintegration of the scrophulariaceae.

Thome, Robert F. (Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711). Classification and geography of the flowering plants. Bot. Rev.58(3): 225–348. 1992.—This treatment of the flowering plants is the latest revision of my classification of the Class Angiospermae and replaces my 1983 and more recent 1992 synopses. An update is necessary because so much new information has been published in the last decade pertinent to the classification of the flowering plants. About 870 such recent books, monographs, and other botanical papers are cited in the Introduction, listed primarily by the botanical discipline that they represent. Also considerable changes in my classification have been necessitated by my narrowed family- and ordinal-gap concepts, acceptance of the ending “-anae” for superorders in place of the traditional but inappropriate “-iflorae,” and acceptance of more prior or more widely used names for the categories above the family. A new phyletic “shrub” replaces earlier versions, and attempts to indicate visually relative sizes and relationships among the superorders, orders, and suborders. One table includes a statistical summary of floweringplant taxa: ca. 233,900 species of 12,650 genera, 437 families, and 708 subfamilies and undivided families in 28 superorders, 71 orders, and 71 suborders of Angiospermae. Three other tables summarize the known indigenous distribution of the families and subfamilies of angiosperms about the world. The synopsis lists the flowering plant taxa from the class down to the subfamily (and in Asteraceae down to the tribe) with indication of the degree of confidence I place in the circumscription and placement of each category above the subfamily, the best available estimates of the number of genera and species for each category, and the known indigenous distribution of each subfamily and family. Table V lists alphabetically the geographical abbreviations used in the synopsis. The extensive bibliography of recent literature should be helpful to those persons interested in the classification of the flowering plants.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02858611.pdf

Classification and geography of the flowering plants

Scrophulariaceae is one of the families that has been divided extensively due to the results of DNA sequence studies. One of its segregates is a vastly enlarged Plantaginaceae. In a phylogenetic study of 47 members of Plantaginaceae and seven outgroups based on 3561 aligned characters from four DNA regions (the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and the plastid trnL-F, rps16 intron, and matKtrnK intron regions), the relationships within this clade were analyzed. The results from parsimony and Bayesian analyses support the removal of the Lindernieae from Gratioleae to a position outside Plantaginaceae. A group of mainly New World genera is paraphyletic with respect to a clade of Old World genera. Among the New World taxa, those offering oil as a pollinator reward cluster together. Ourisia is sister to this clade. Gratioleae consist of Gratiola, Otacanthus, Bacopa, Stemodia, Scoparia, and Mecardonia. Cheloneae plus Russelia and Tetranema together constitute the sister group to a clade predominantly composed of Old World taxa. Among the Old World clade, Ellisiophyllum and Lafuentea have been analyzed for the first time in a molecular phylogenetic analysis. The former genus is sister to Sibthorpia and the latter is surprisingly the sister to Antirrhineae.

https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.3732/ajb.92.2.297

Piecing together the "new" Plantaginaceae.

The parasitic nutritional mode is a frequently evolved adaptation in animals (Price, 1980), as well as in flowering plants (Kuijt, 1969). Heterotrophic angiosperms can be classified as either mycotrophs or as haustorial parasites. The former derive nutrients via a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi. Haustorial parasites, in contrast, directly penetrate host tissues via a modified root called a haustorium and thereby obtain water and nutrients. Although such categories are often a matter of semantics, we use the term parasite in a strict sense to refer to haustorial parasites. Angiosperm parasites are restricted to the dicot subclasses Magnoliidae, Rosidae, and Asteridae; have evolved approximately 11 times; and represent approximately 22 families, 265 genera, and 4,000 species, that is, about 1% of all angiosperms (Fig. 8.1). Owing to their unique adaptations, parasitic plants have long been the focus of anatomical, morphological, biochemical, systematic, and ecological research (Kuijt, 1969; Press and Graves, 1995). For the vast majority of parasitic plants, negative effects upon the host are difficult to detect, yet others (e.g., Striga, Orobanche) are serious weeds of economically important crops (Kuijt, 1969; Musselman, 1980; Eplee, 1981; Stewart and Press, 1990; Press and Graves, 1995).

Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Studies of Parasitic Plants

Chloroplast trnL/F and nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS sequence data were used to analyze phylogenetic relationships among members of tribe Mimuleae (Scrophulariaceae) and other closely related families in Lamiales. The results of these analyses led to the following conclusions. (1) The Australian genera Glossostigma and Peplidium and the taxonomically isolated Phryma join four genera of tribe Mimuleae to form a well-supported clade that is distinct from other families in the Lamiales. We refer to that clade as the subfamily Phrymoideae. (2) The genera Mazus and Lancea (tribe Mimuleae) together form a well-supported clade that we recognize as the subfamily Mazoideae. Mazoideae is weakly supported as sister to Phrymoideae. We assign Mazoideae and Phrymoideae to a redefined family Phrymaceae. (3)Mimulus is not monophyletic, because members of at least six other genera have been derived from within it. In light of the molecular evidence, it is clear that species of Phrymaceae (about 190 species) have undergone two geographically distinct radiations; one in western North America (about 130 species) and another in Australia (about 30 species). Phylogenetic interpretations of morphological evolution and biogeographical patterns are discussed.

Lu An-Ming

Papers

A preliminary cladistic study of the families of the superorder Lamiiflorae