The purpose of this report is to review the progress in the past 20 years or so pertaining to the effect of protection systems on the bulk power systems reliability evaluation. It is the intention of the Task Force that this report defines the state of the art as it exists in the early 1990s and serves as a starting point for those pursuing a further understanding and the development of the subject.

Effect of protection systems on bulk power reliability evaluation

MEMBERIEEE operating reserve generating capabilities. Thispaperpresents a methodofdeterminingoperating reserve requirements developed bya TaskForceofPennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM)Inter-connection. Theauthors arethemembersoftheTaskForce.

Application of Probability Methodsto theDetermination ofSpinning Reserve Requirements forthePennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection

In the first part of the paper, a review is given of the various schemes for classifying electric power system operating states as proposed in IEEE, EPRI and CIGRE publications and the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Next, distinction is made between system and state adequacy concepts and the adequacy criteria for the two are related for both deterministic and probabilistic adequacy evaluation methods. Finally, a discussion is given of how the system adequacy concept changes when the monopolistic way of operating power systems is replaced by competition on the energy market.

Power system reliability in terms of the system's operating states

There are many aspects about the electrical energy not supplied (EENS) price, about estimation of the economies losses and the social economic benefit losses in the different kinds of human activity, education and life or about similar estimation in suppliers money losses due to not charged EENS. Detailed technical analyzes of some real power system faults, real demands and real deliveries are described in this paper. The EENS quantity evaluation during real power line's faults is given here. Power supplier aspect of the EENS evaluation is presented in the paper. Fault period without voltage of the day is compared with the same time period of the next or previous day. The values of EENS calculated until now have been overestimated due to magnified initial power demand neglects. The real value of EENS is evaluated by integrating function power (or electric current) in depends on time for each day (two consecutive days).

Estimation of electrical energy not supplied in reliability analysis of distribution networks

Distribution network data archiving, editing and storing are permanent activities of high importance, obligated by legislation. The paper describes improved methods for the distribution power system fault data collection in the form of new developed components of operational database. The Visual Basic Code solution was developed to ease faults data input, dta filtering and for data processing. After a monitoring period of almost 3 years, reliability indices of the 35 kV network in Elektra Slavonski Brod were evaluated. The methods could be applied to other distribution power systems as well.

Lu Wang

Papers

Reliability Techniques in Large Electric Power Systems