Generally, routing techniques are essential for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to deliver data packets to their destinations (also known as sinks). For a practical application, sensors are deployed to monitor environmental changes and events. Most WSNs detect specific events in their specific environments. But, different WSNs may monitor different events with different sensors in the same area. For example, a smart-home WSN deploys thermal sensors/meters to measure indoor and outdoor temperatures, body-temperature sensors to detect thief intrusion, etc. Also, in the underlying house, there is a health WSN which utilizes physiological sensors to monitor patients’ health condition. In other words, several WSNs of different purposes co-exist in the same geographical area. Currently, each WSN’s data delivery is independent from others’. Basically, if all sensors in such a multi-WSNs environment can share their routing paths/nodes and relay event packets for other WSNs, the delivery efficiency can be enhanced since many more sensors can be found there for packet relay. Consequently, the transmission energy can be reduced since energy consumed for wireless transmission is proportional to d2 where d is the transmission distance between sender and receiver. Therefore, in this study, we propose an energy saving routing mechanism, named Energy-Efficient Cooperative Routing Scheme for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (EERH for short), in which several WSNs deployed in the same geographical environment form a heterogeneous sensor network and sensors relay packets for its own WSN and also for other WSNs. Routing paths are dynamically established according to the transmission directions of event packets and the residual energy of the underlying sensors and their neighbors. In addition, the packets routed to the same direction by the same sensors are aggregated to save delivering energy. Moreover, the network parameters of the EERH, like propagation delay of an event packet and the transmission distance of a sensor, are adjustable so as to satisfy the practical environment needs. Simulation results show that the EERH efficiently extends the lifetime of a heterogeneous WSN.

/pdf/energy-efficient-cooperative-routing-scheme-for-3ey4ckaoqa.pdf

Energy-Efficient Cooperative Routing Scheme for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Optimal performance and improved lifetime are the most desirable design benchmarks for WSNs and the mechanism for data gathering is a major constituent influencing these standards.
Several researchers have provided significant evidence on the advantage of mobile sink (MS) in performing effective gathering of relevant data. However, determining the trajectory for MS is an NP-hard-problem. Especially in delay-inevitable applications, it is challenging to select the best-stops or rendezvous points (RPs) for MS and also to design an efficient route for MS to gather data.
To provide a suitable solution to these challenges, we propose in this paper, a game theory and enhanced ant colony based MS route selection and data gathering (GTAC-DG) technique.
This is a distributed method of data gathering using MS, combining the optimal decision making skill of game theory in selecting the best RPs and computational swarm intelligence of enhanced ant colony optimization in choosing the best path for MS. GTAC-DG helps to reduce data transfer and management, energy consumption and delay in data delivery. The MS moves in a reliable and intelligent trajectory, extending the lifetime and conserving the energy of WSN. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of GTAC-DG in terms of metrics such as energy and network lifetime.

Data gathering via mobile sink in WSNs using game theory and enhanced ant colony optimization

Noise pollution reduction in the environment is a major challenge from a societal and health point of view. To implement strategies to improve sound environments, experts need information on existing noise. The first source of information is based on the elaboration of noise maps using software, but with limitations on the realism of the maps obtained, due to numerous calculation assumptions. The second is based on the use of measured data, in particular through professional measurement observatories, but in limited numbers for practical and financial reasons. More recently, numerous technical developments, such as the miniaturization of electronic components, the accessibility of low-cost computing processors and the improved performance of electric batteries, have opened up new prospects for the deployment of low-cost sensor networks for the assessment of sound environments. Over the past fifteen years, the literature has presented numerous experiments in this field, ranging from proof of concept to operational implementation. The purpose of this article is firstly to review the literature, and secondly, to identify the expected technical characteristics of the sensors to address the problem of noise pollution assessment. Lastly, the article will also put forward the challenges that are needed to respond to a massive deployment of low-cost noise sensors.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02930109/document

Low-Cost Sensors for Urban Noise Monitoring Networks-A Literature Review.

Nowadays, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are essential for monitoring and data collection in many industrial environments. Industrial environments are usually huge. The distances between the devices located in them can be vast; in this case, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) leads to greater productivity and efficiency of industries. Furthermore, the sensor devices in IIoT have limited memory and constrained processing power, and using gateway nodes is inevitable to cover these vast areas and manage communications between industrial sensors. Security threats such as compromised devices, denial of service, and leakage of confidential information can incur hefty expenses and irreparable damage to industrial systems. Hence, in the IIoT hierarchical architecture, anonymous and mutual authentication between users, gateway nodes, and sensor nodes is essential to protect users and the system’s security and privacy. In this article, we propose a lightweight anonymous privacy-preserving three-factor authentication scheme for WSN-Based IIoT (LAPTAS). In LAPTAS, registered users can use their security smartcard to communicate with sensors and access their data. Moreover, the proposed scheme supports sensor node dynamic registration, password and biometric change, and revocation phase. Additionally, we evaluate and verify our scheme’s security formally using the Real-or-Random model and informally with the automatic cryptographic Protocol Verifier tool(ProVerif). Finally, our scheme is simulated by the OPNET network simulator and compared with other similar schemes to ensure that the LAPTAS meets all security and performance requirements.

LAPTAS: lightweight anonymous privacy-preserving three-factor authentication scheme for WSN-based IIoT

Wireless sensor networks form the crux of a wide range of automated applications that are gaining popularity with every passing day. The journey of wireless sensor networks has seen simple sensory ...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147720949138

Evolution of wireless sensor network design from technology centric to user centric: An architectural perspective:

Communication protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey and comparison

Swarm-intelligence-based communication protocols for wireless sensor networks: Critical Developments and Applications of Swarm Intelligence

Handbook of Laboratory Experiments in Electronics and Communication Engineering

The escalating rate of deployments of real-life applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been observed over the years. Research has identified these WSNs as networks that operate with more limited energy compared to other wireless networks. Power consumption is the Achilles’ heel of the network lifetime in these networks. Most of the power is lost during the transmission of information from a source to the destination. Various approaches that aim to minimize power loss to extend the network lifetime have been proposed. Communication between sensor networks cannot be achieved physically through sensor nodes, and, therefore, there is a need for an Internet-based network (Network to Networks communications). In this chapter, we emphasized on the “Green” IoT technologies that make it environmentally friendly by focusing on optimization of data centers through techniques of sharing infrastructure, which leads to increased energy efficiency and lower cost of operation. The inexpensive, low powered sensors will expand the application of IoT to even smaller objects in any kind of environment at affordable prices. It is also anticipated that combining Energy Harvesting, Communications Techniques, and Data Compression will yield high results that will help to improve the network lifetime of Internet of Things Sensor Networks. Since these networks are suitable for large-scale deployments, large quantities of data are handled during transmission from source to sink. This also includes data that is irrelevant and may add to the energy that is wasted during the transmission of data that eventually results in reducing the network lifetime. The need for a robust and energy-efficient technique to minimize data before transmission and transmit the reduced data along the optimal transmission paths motivated this book.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-54983-1_1.pdf

Lucia Keleadile Ketshabetswe

Papers

Communication protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey and comparison

Swarm-intelligence-based communication protocols for wireless sensor networks: Critical Developments and Applications of Swarm Intelligence

Handbook of Laboratory Experiments in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Introduction to Green Internet of Things Sensor Networks