A study of spur gear pitting formation and life prediction

A descriptive model of wear evolution in rolling bearings

Effects of lubrication on gear performance: A review

Influence of the addendum modification on spur gear efficiency

Purpose – Besides other approaches, fuel savings in automotive applications and energy savings, in general, also require high‐efficiency gearboxes. Different approaches are shown regarding how to further improve gearbox efficiency. This paper aims to address these issues.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the following approach: theoretical and experimental investigations of bearing arrangements and gear design as well as lubricant type and lubricant supply to the components lead to efficiency optimisation.Findings – No‐load losses can be reduced, especially at low temperatures and part‐load conditions when using low‐viscosity oils with a high viscosity index and low oil immersion depth or low spray oil supply of the components. Bearing systems can be optimised when using more efficient systems than cross‐loading arrangements with high preload. Low‐loss gears can contribute substantially to load‐dependent power loss reduction in the gear mesh. Low‐friction oils are available for further reducti...

https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1323611/file.pdf

Influence factors on gearbox power loss

/pdf/resistencia-ao-desgaste-e-gripagem-de-engrenagens-em-ferro-4i11oaml11.pdf

Resistência ao desgaste e gripagem de engrenagens em ferro fundido nodular austemperado (ADI)

The prevalence of epilepsy increases in elderly patients aged > 65 years, and treatment is challenging because clinical data are limited. Our objective was to evaluate the safety of eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) in patients aged ≥ 65 years versus non-elderly patients with focal seizures. The safety data of seven phase II and III, double-blind, open-label, randomized clinical studies of ESL in adults were pooled. At least possibly related treatmentemergent adverse events (TEAEs) and ESL post-marketing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were analyzed separately by age categories. The most frequently reported at least possibly related TEAEs in elderly (N = 120) versus non-elderly patients (N = 1863) were dizziness (10.8 vs. 20.3%), somnolence (9.2 vs. 12.6%), and hyponatremia (6.7 vs. 1.5%). Elderly patients presented a higher incidence of serious TEAEs (22.5 vs. 7.6%) and at least possibly related serious TEAEs (6.7 vs. 2.5%), probably because treatment was complicated by comorbidities and comedications. After an estimated cumulative exposure of over 2 million patient-months worldwide and 8 years of post-marketing surveillance, hyponatremia was the most frequently reported ADR (n = 232), accounting for 14.6% and 6.8% of the ADRs reported in elderly (n = 473) and non-elderly patients (n = 2406), respectively. This was followed by ADR/safety information such as drug–dose titration not performed (7.0 vs. 5.4%), product use in unapproved indication (4.9 vs. 1.9%), off-label use (3.4 vs. 2.2%), dizziness (3.4 vs. 3.5%), and seizure (2.1 vs. 5.8%). No specific safety issue was identified from the pooled studies for elderly compared with non-elderly patients. After 8 years of post-marketing surveillance, the qualitative safety of ESL remains similar to that observed in the clinical studies.

/pdf/safety-of-eslicarbazepine-acetate-in-elderly-versus-non-1x23t7i1vh.pdf

Safety of Eslicarbazepine Acetate in Elderly Versus Non-Elderly Patients with Focal Seizures: From Pooled Data of Clinical Studies to 8 Years of Post-Marketing Experience.

Artificial indentations have been used as an auxiliary method to study metallic surfaces contact fatigue behaviour since the early 90s. In this work indentation techniques based on hardness measurements were tested on the surface of austempered ductile iron (ADI) discs. These discs were tested on a twin-disc machine. The evolution of the areas around indentations (in this work these areas are called ZAF Zones Affected by Fatigue) was followed during each twin-disc test and the surface condition of such artificially indented zones was characterized. These zones suffered intense plastic deformation and wear in early test stages and were then progressively damaged by contact fatigue. A coherent growth of each ZAF was observed along each contact fatigue test. It is shown that ZAFs growth follows a trend simmilar to Paris law, revealing that the use of artificial indentations can be used as an auxiliary method to study contact fatigue phenomena.

Contact Fatigue Behaviour of Artificially Indented Austempered Ductile Iron Discs

<h3>Objective:</h3> Here we report the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) in patients who experienced baseline focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (FBTCS). <h3>Background:</h3> ESL is approved for focal seizure treatment. FBTCS are the most severe form of focal seizures and place patients at increased risk of injuries and sudden unexpected death. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Pooled data from 3 randomized clinical trials of ESL in patients with focal seizures (N=1447) were analyzed. After an 8-week baseline, patients were titrated over 2 weeks to their maintenance dose (400, 800, or 1200 mg/day; 12 weeks). Efficacy was assessed in a patient subset with ≥1 baseline FBTCS and ≥800 mg/day ESL maintenance dose by comparing standardized seizure frequency (SSF, FBTCS/28 day) during the maintenance period with placebo. Adverse events (AEs) were collected and tabulated. <h3>Results:</h3> A total 438 patients, aged 16–69, met the subset criteria and 429 patients had ≥1 post-baseline seizure diary entry. Baseline characteristics were balanced among treatment groups. Baseline median FBTCS SSF was 2.5 (placebo), 2.5 (ESL 800mg), and 2.4 (ESL 1200mg). During maintenance, the FBTCS SSF was lower in ESL groups (800mg, 0.9; 1200mg, 0.8) compared to placebo (1.1), and was significant for ESL 1200mg (P=0.0395, ANCOVA). ESL 1200mg patients achieved ≥50% reduction in SSF (61.9%, P=0.005, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test) or ≥75% reduction in SSF (46.0%, P=0.0315) at greater rates versus placebo (≥50%, 45.6%; ≥75%, 33.3%). Time to first seizure was significantly longer in ESL groups than placebo (Kaplan-Meier). Incidence of AEs and AEs leading to discontinuation increased with ESL dose. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Adjunctive ESL was well-tolerated and increased time to first seizure for patients with FBTCS. ESL 1200mg significantly improved 50% and 75% responder rates compared to placebo. ESL may be a useful treatment option for FBTCS. <b>Disclosure:</b> The institution of Dr. Chung has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for ucb pharma. Dr. Chung has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for SK Life sciences. Dr. Chung has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for eisai. Dr. Chung has received personal compensation in the range of $50,000-$99,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for eisai. Dr. Chung has received personal compensation in the range of $50,000-$99,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for ucb. Dr. Chung has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for SK Life sciences. Dr. Chung has received personal compensation in the range of $50,000-$99,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for sunovion. Samy Guirguis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cantu has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.. Joana Moreira has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of BIAL. Luis Magalhaes has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of BIAL-Portela &amp; Cª, S.A.. Ms. Hall has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.. Ian Zhang has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.. Todd Grinnell, PhD has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.. 

Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Adjunctive Eslicarbazepine Acetate in Focal Seizure Patients With Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic Seizures at Baseline (P14-1.003)

There is currently no evidence to support the use of antiseizure medications to prevent unprovoked seizures following stroke. Experimental animal models suggested a potential antiepileptogenic effect for eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), and a Phase II, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to test this hypothesis and assess whether ESL treatment for 1 month can prevent unprovoked seizures following stroke. We outline the design and status of this antiepileptogenesis study, and discuss the challenges encountered in its execution to date. Patients at high risk of developing unprovoked seizures after acute intracerebral haemorrhage or acute ischaemic stroke were randomised to receive ESL 800 mg/day or placebo, initiated within 120 hours after primary stroke occurrence. Treatment continued until Day 30, then tapered off. Patients could receive all necessary therapies for stroke treatment according to clinical practice guidelines and standard of care, and are being followed up for 18 months. The primary efficacy endpoint is occurrence of a first unprovoked seizure within 6 months after randomisation ('failure rate'). Secondary efficacy assessments include occurrence of a first unprovoked seizure during 12 months after randomisation and during the entire study; functional outcomes (Barthel Index original 10-item version; National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale); post-stroke depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9); and overall survival. Safety assessments include evaluation of treatment-emergent adverse events; laboratory parameters; vital signs; electrocardiogram; suicidal ideation and behaviour (PHQ-9 question 9). The protocol aimed to randomise approximately 200 patients (1:1), recruited from 21 sites in seven European countries and Israel. Despite the challenges encountered, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, the study progressed and included a remarkable number of patients, with 129 screened and 125 randomised. Recruitment was stopped after 30 months, the first patient entered in May 2019, and the study is ongoing and following up on patients according to the Clinical Trial Protocol.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/epi4.12735

Antiepileptogenesis after Stroke - Trials and Tribulations: Methodological Challenges and Recruitment Results of a Phase II Study with Eslicarbazepine Acetate.

Luis Magalhaes

Papers

Resistência ao desgaste e gripagem de engrenagens em ferro fundido nodular austemperado (ADI)

Safety of Eslicarbazepine Acetate in Elderly Versus Non-Elderly Patients with Focal Seizures: From Pooled Data of Clinical Studies to 8 Years of Post-Marketing Experience.

Contact Fatigue Behaviour of Artificially Indented Austempered Ductile Iron Discs

Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Adjunctive Eslicarbazepine Acetate in Focal Seizure Patients With Focal to Bilateral Tonic-Clonic Seizures at Baseline (P14-1.003)

Antiepileptogenesis after Stroke - Trials and Tribulations: Methodological Challenges and Recruitment Results of a Phase II Study with Eslicarbazepine Acetate.