Latest technology has its impact on every field and library science not exception to it. There is a positive impact of information and technology on library system and on the services provided by the library. This paper describes cloud computing and analyzes the current status of cloud computing in digital library and also describe application of cloud computing in digital library and about improvement that we can make in digital library using cloud computing technology.

Use of Cloud Computing In Library

Cashless economy is defined as a situation in which there is very less cash transactions as most of the transactions are done using cards or digital mobile wallets. The demonetization of INR 500 and INR 1000 currency notes by the Government of India and the limit on the cash withdrawals at banks, pushed millions of users into the digital economy. Based on the Forbes report on 14 December, 2016, around 95% of all transactions in India happened in cash and a significant population didn’t have a bank account. By putting a stop on the cash driven economy through demonetization, the Government tried to bring most of the transactions under the track-able and taxable cashless economy means like the debit cards, credit cards and the mobile wallets. Based on the report at the Economic Times by PayTM, the leading mobile wallet company in India, there has been 435% rise in its overall traffic post demonetization. Even small vendors have registered at PayTM to accept payments. Many bank accounts have been opened in response to demonetization. The National Payments Corporation of India developed the Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM app) for transacting amounts directly between the bank accounts of two parties. 
The purpose of this paper is to find out the challenges and the penetration issues India would face in implementing the cashless economy and the possible measures to overcome them. The study makes a modest attempt to link the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, Technology Adoption life cycle and the Technology Acceptance Model. 
In India, especially in the rural areas, there is a lack of technology awareness. Due to this there is reluctance to adapt to the technological innovations. There is an issue in understanding the ease of use and the usefulness of cashless transactions. Many citizens question the safety of their balance in the mobile wallet accounts. Most of us are also accustomed to the traditional cash transactions and have a resistance to shift to digital payments. Also there are irregular tax payers who refrain from digital transactions to avoid being tracked. 
But the rise of cashless economy and the dominance of digital transactions also create a disadvantage to a section of the society: the daily wage workers in India. These workers are mostly immigrants working at construction sites and can’t have the privileges of having a bank account. These workers are paid on daily basis and mostly depend on cash transactions. After the demonetization, they were affected to a great extent as there was a cash crunch with their employers who couldn’t pay them. 
Also, the rise of the usage of mobile wallets in India has created a new market segment. Many start-ups are coming up with a promise of making life easier through cashless payments. To penetrate the market, they have come up with cash back schemes like pay for something and get cash back of 50% credited to your mobile wallet. Pre-demonetization, PayTM, Free Charge and Mobikwik were the major players in the cashless economy. Post-demonetization, new start-ups like The Mobile Wallet, Justpay, MoneyonMobile, Ola Money and many more are trying to penetrate the market. Earlier, Ola Money could only be used for Ola Cabs fare payment. Now Ola Money has started mobile wallet services for making cashless payments for other services too. The penetration of so many mobile wallet start-ups has created a lot of confusion among the users especially the elderly citizens. Users have to separately register to every mobile wallet service provider for obtaining its service. This consumes a lot of data and time. Also maintaining a balance in so many mobile wallets is a challenge. Downloading too many mobile wallet apps slows down the mobile phone processing system. 
Based on the findings, the Government of India may initiate, communicate and implement a strategy that is linked with the technological awareness and the financial inclusion in order to maximize the success of cashless economy. Also, the Government of India may regulate the number of mobile wallet players. To the best of my knowledge, this study represents one of the first attempts to address the challenges to be faced in a cashless economy, especially in a developing nation.

Turning India into a Cashless Economy: The Challenges to Overcome

The study investigated the awareness and use of library catalogue for accessing information resources by users of Federal University of Kashere (FUK) Library. Four research questions guided the study. Survey research design was used, registered users of the University Library between 2016-2019 numbering 920 formed the population of the study where a sample of 272 (30% sample) was used based on 95% confidence level and 5% confidence interval of Sample Size Calculator. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. Data generated was analyzed using simple percentage and descriptive statistics. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were aware of library catalogue existence; they were more informed about card catalogue usage than OPAC for retrieving information resources. In effect, the respondents use card catalogue regularly compared to the OPAC. Majority of the respondents used the library for research work rather than for leisure and recreational purposes. Poor computer skills hindering navigation when searching OPAC and inability to locate materials on the shelves, indicated in the catalogue as being available were the challenges affecting the use of catalogue as an information retrieval tools. The study recommended that the library management should organize a periodic user education, orientation and sensitization programmes for the undergraduate users to create awareness and enable them gain the needed skills to use the library catalogue maximally when searching for information resources. Guidelines on how to use catalogue and library in general should be prepared and issued to registered users. Regular shelf reading should be done so as to establish right contact between library users and library materials.

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Users Attitude Towards the Use of Library Catalogue in Federal University of Kashere Library in Gombe State, Nigeria

Beginning with the meaning and characteristics of cloud computing, author discusses the library is integrated with cloud computing technology. Cloud computing plays a very important role in resource development and services for the library. Cloud computing provide the sharing of hardware and software on the data storage, data management, it also has the capabilities with the database resource sharing, unified digital resources, one-stop entrance, a full range of user interactive services, the expansion of the complex network applications and services. This paper proposes several suggestions about the characteristics of cloud computing technology in library applications.

Application and Discussion of Cloud Computing in Academic Libraries

The adoption of cloud computing technology (SaaS): Effects of technological complexity vs training and support

OPAC visibility, implementation of the cloud system and challenges of its adoption are the variables that define the crust of the research. The study, compartmentalizing the Nigerian University libraries, adopted the quantitative methods employing the use of observation and survey. A two-month long observation of the websites and OPAC of the studied universities was undertaken. The non-probability sampling - precisely purposive sampling - was deployed while the entire one hundred and sixty (160) Nigerian universities – as at 2018 – served as the sample size for the study. A questionnaire was designed to collect primary data on the availability of OPACs and adoption of cloud hosting in Nigerian university libraries. This was administered electronically via the email-boxes of virtual/systems librarians. Significant trends noticeable in the research findings include low visibility, in-house hosting of OPAC and indifference to the adoption of cloud computing with hosting (subscription) fee, downtime in internet connectivity and fear of vulnerability to hackers’ attack being the significant challenges. It is recommended that stakeholders should leverage on the existing consortium (platform) facilitated by Nigerian Research and Education Network (NgREN) to benefit from the economy of scale in addition to collaboration with relevant global agencies. Furthermore, a synergy between the librarians and the ICT units should be strengthened for a better understanding of the technical challenges in order to provide appropriate solutions to them.

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Adoption of Cloud Computing and OPAC Visibility in Nigerian University Library System

Customers' trust has been identified as a factor that must exist for customers to embrace c-commerce. An effective, reachable and responsive coil center is one key to gaining this trust for organizations or banks that rely on e- commerce. However, an issue with call centers is the proper identification of the caller so that sensitive information is not divulged to wrong persons. Thus, a second level security check is needed before resolving any issue or divulging any account or transaction related information to the caller. This is seen as a necessary step to guard against privacy intrusion, scam or identity theft. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of a 7-digit identification code issued to customers solely for the purpose of remote communication with the bank. At the point of service rendering, the customer will only need to supply the digits occupying two or three randomly selected positions out of the seven. We believe this will further strengthen the privacy of customers in the banks through the call centers.

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A Privacy Control Option for Call Centers in Nigeria's Cashless Economy

Over the course of the 20th century, the automobile rapidly developed from an expensive toy for the rich into the de facto standard for passenger transport in most developed. In developing countries, the effects of the automobile have lagged, but are emulating the impacts of developed nations. The development of the automobile built upon the transport revolution started by railways, and like the railways, introduced sweeping changes in employment patterns, social interactions, and infrastructure and goods distribution. A car dealership or vehicle local distribution is a business that sells new or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. This work is aimed at the development of an Online Automobile Market to allow interested car purchasers order for vehicle through the use of the internet so as to replace the hitherto manual system of vehicle purchasing currently being practiced in the country today. It also provides adequate, robust pricing information for each vehicle item displayed for sale. PHP with HTML technologies was employed in developing the front end with the client side of the system, which made the system fast, flexible and scalable, the database was created using MYSQL. Therefore it saves customers' time and effort by enabling easy navigation round the website.

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M. A. Ogunrinde

Papers

Adoption of Cloud Computing and OPAC Visibility in Nigerian University Library System

A Privacy Control Option for Call Centers in Nigeria's Cashless Economy

Trends in an online automobile market