A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

In today's ecosystem of energy management, the contribution of Internet of Things (IoT) to smart grids has acquired immense potential due to its multi-faceted advantages in various fields. IoT paves a way to associate and virtually control everything in almost every domain of society. Conversely, the smart grid framework attracted the attention of the universal research community and the idea of merging IoT with smart grid together demonstrates enormous growth potential. This review paper highlights the most significant research works that focus on applying IoT to smart grids. This work also addresses many innovative approaches used in IoT and smart grids along with their respective applications in various fields. The objective of this work is to benefit scientists and new entrants in the field of IoT and smart grids opens up awareness for new interdisciplinary research.

Future effectual role of energy delivery: A comprehensive review of Internet of Things and smart grid

Smart energy solutions with hydrogen options

A home energy management system with an integrated smart thermostat for demand response in smart grids

https://escholarship.org/content/qt1082n92h/qt1082n92h.pdf?t=r1myyg

Government Policy, Clean Fuel Access, and Persistent Fuel Stacking in Ecuador.

Smart Grid: Assessment of the past and present in developed and developing countries

Electricity sector in Ecuador: An overview of the 2007–2017 decade

Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are one of the most widely deployed renewable technologies in the world. The efficiency of solar panels has been studied during the last few decades, and, to date, it has not been possible to displace the production of energy using crystalline silicon wafer-based technology whose efficiency has reached values around 26.1%. Moreover, using solar tracking PV systems has become a feasible alternative to increase the electric output of PV silicon technologies instead of using the conventional fixed PV installation on a flat or sloping surface. The following study has compared fixed and dual-axis sun-tracking PV panels in order to quantify the enhancement associated with the amount of energy harvested when using dual-axis tracking PV systems in the city of Manta, located in a coastal region of Ecuador. In order to carry out this study, an IoT monitoring system based on Raspberry Pi3 and Arduino platforms was used. Measurements of solar radiation (W/m2), light intensity (Lux), temperature (°C), short-circuit current (A), and open-circuit voltage (V) were taken every minute for both systems. The results prove that the dual-axis tracking PV system produces, on average, 19.62% more energy than the static PV system. These results present an 8.62% energy increase with respect to a previous study carried out in an equatorial region with similar characteristics to those of the city of Manta, where a one-axis tracking PV system was used.

/pdf/performance-comparison-between-fixed-and-dual-axis-sun-iri9mm7h.pdf

M.A. Ponce-Jara

Papers

Smart Grid: Assessment of the past and present in developed and developing countries

Electricity sector in Ecuador: An overview of the 2007–2017 decade

Performance Comparison between Fixed and Dual-Axis Sun-Tracking Photovoltaic Panels with an IoT Monitoring System in the Coastal Region of Ecuador