BACKGROUND: Biocontrol achieved by a single biocontrol agent is generally inconsistent under field conditions. The aim of the present study was to increase the competitiveness and efficacy of biocontrol agents by using them together with cattle manure.



RESULTS: The effects of antagonistic fungi [Aspergillus niger v. Teigh., Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson and Penicillium chrysogenum Thom] and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) [Azotobacter chroococcum Beijer., Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn and Pseudomonas putida (Trev.) Mig.] were assessed with cattle manure on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kof. & White) Chitwood. Application of antagonistic fungi and PGPR alone and in combination with cattle manure resulted in a significant increase in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants. The highest increase (79%) in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants was observed when P. putida was used with cattle manure, followed by use of P. lilacinus plus cattle manure. Paecilomyces lilacinus resulted in a high reduction in galling and nematode multiplication, followed by P. putida, B. subtilis, A. niger, A. chroococcum and P. chrysogenum. The combined use of P. lilacinus with cattle manure resulted in a maximum reduction in galling and nematode multiplication.



CONCLUSION: Application of P. lilacinus or P. putida with cattle manure was useful to achieve greater biocontrol of M. incognita on tomato. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato using antagonistic fungi, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and cattle manure.

Effects of four antagonistic fungi (Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Trichoderma harzianum and Gliocladium virens) alone and together with a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices or with composted cow manure (CCM) were assessed on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in glasshouse experiments. Application of all antagonistic fungi (except G. virens), P. putida, G. intraradices or CCM caused a significant increase in the growth of plants without nematodes. However, use of either of these fungi, P. putida, G. intraradices and CCM against plants with nematodes caused a significant increase in tomato growth. Paecilomyces lilacinus caused a 42% increase in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants followed by P. chlamydosporia (36%), T. harzianum (18%) and G. virens (15%). CCM caused about 57% increase in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants followed by P. putida (37%) and G. in...

Synergistic effects of antagonistic fungi and a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, or composted cow manure on populations of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to assess the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora margarita) and organic fertilizers (cow dung, horse dung, goat dung and poultry manure) alone and in combination on the reproduction of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on growth and water loss of tomato. Meloidogyne incognita decreased water loss of tomato from the first week onwards after inoculation. AM fungi increased water loss of both nematode-infected and uninfected plants. Glomus mosseae was better at improving growth of tomato and reducing galling and nematode multiplication than G. margarita, but the rate of water loss was similar with both fungi. Addition of organic fertilizers improved growth of tomato, but decreased the rate of water loss. There was less galling and nematode multiplication with poultry manure, which improved tomato growth more than goat dung, while cow dung was the least effective organic fertilizer. Greatest plant growth and least nematode reproduction were observed in plants inoculated with M. incognita along with G. mosseae and poultry manure.

Effects of AM fungi and organic fertilizers on the reproduction of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth and water loss of tomato

The organic amendments, compost, neem and poultry as well as inorganic fertilizer, N P K and nematicide Nemacur 10% G applied singly at two different doses were effective in reducing M. incognita number of galls, nematode reproduction and fecundity. Also, they ameliorated growth criteria of treated tomato plants. The effectiveness seemed to be material origin and concentration dependent. Neem, compost 1, 3 at higher doses (5 g/pot) gave the best results. Yet, achieved results were less than those of nemacur 10% G which overmatched all the organic and inorganic fertilizers. Nematode infection reduced total soluble sugars in roots but the opposite was the case in all treatments. Nematode infection supported root contents of amino acids, total phenols and tannins but they were diminished as a result of almost all treatments. Total soluble sugars and total carbohydrates in shoots decreased as a result of nematode infection but they were regained only by application of inorganic fertilizer. Total amino acids increased in shoots of infected plants and more increase was observed in almost all treatments. Nematode infection impaired tomato uptake of N P K; organic and inorganic fertilizers provoked plants up take, however nemacur improved plants up take of nitrogen only.

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Impact of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Nematode Reproduction and Biochemical Alterations on Tomato

Effects of organic wastes (biosolids, horse manure, sawdust and neem leaf litter [NLL]), an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungusGlomus intraradices, and a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriumPseudomonas putida, were studied on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction ofMeloidogvne incognita. Pseudomonas putida andG. intraradices promoted tomato growth in nematode-infected and nematode-free plants but growth promotion was higher in the infected ones. WhenP. putida andG. intraradices were applied together, the increase in tomato growth was greater than when either agent was applied alone. Of the organic wastes, NLL was better in improving tomato growth of nematode-infected plants followed by biosolids, horse manure and sawdust. Combined use of NLL withP. putida plusG. intraradices was best in improving growth of the infected plants. Root colonization byP. putida was increased more when inoculated withG. intraradices than when inoculated singly. Of the organic wastes, use of sawdust withP. putida caused a greater increase in root colonization by fluorescent pseudomonads followed by NLL, horse manure and biosolids. Nematode parasitism had an adverse effect on root colonization byP. putida. Inoculation ofP. putida and organic wastes increased the root colonization caused by the AM fungus.P. putida was better in reducing galling and nematode multiplication thanG. intraradices, whereas use of the two together was better than that of either of them alone. Among organic wastes, NLL was better in reducing galling and nematode multiplication followed by biosolids, horse manure and sawdust. Combined use of NLL withP. putida plusG. intraradices was better in reducing galling and nematode multiplication than any other treatment.

Effects of Organic Wastes, Glomus intraradices and Pseudomonas putida on the Growth of Tomato and on the Reproduction of the Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Ammonium sulphate, superphosphate, potassium nitrate and gypsum at the concentration of 2 g per kg soil as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium fertilizer, respectively, induced a significant increase in plant growth, both in Meloidogyne incognita inoculated and uninoculated plants. However, increase in plant growth was greater when these fertilizers were used with nematode inoculated plants. Nitrogen fertilizer resulted in greater reduction in galling and nematode reproduction and greater increase in plant growth. Treatment with phosphorus caused less reduction in nematode multiplication, compared to nitrogen treatment, but more than potassium treatment. Calcium application was least effective in reducing nematode multiplication and improving plant growth

M. Akhtar

Papers

Management of meloidogyne incognita in tomato by some inorganic fertilizers