Integrated numerical analysis of an iceberg collision with a foreship structure

The influence of floating ice on the dynamic behavior of ships and offshore structures depends on many factors such as ice thickness and its relative speed with respect to the floating structure. The ice resistance to ship motion forms an essential problem in ship design and navigation. Furthermore, local or global ice loads acting on ocean systems are random and nonsmooth when impact interaction takes place. Impact loads on the bow of a ship navigating in solid ice may be modeled by a Poisson law. The measured stress amplitudes on the ship frame at the bow follow an exponential distribution. The nonhomogeneity and difference in ice microstructure, as well as the influence of salt and temperature, result in a great uncertainty in the ice strength. Therefore, the current review article aims at assessing the ice related problems encountered by offshore structures as well as by ships during their navigation. It also discusses the impacts of local and global ice loads on floating structures and reviews their existing probabilistic models. Moreover, this article covers the dynamic interaction of ice with flexible and rigid structures, and ships. In view of ice loads on marine systems, new design regulations have been introduced by international organizations that are involved in the design and building of ships as well as offshore structures. The ship stochastic stability and the first-passage roll stabilization problem associated with random ocean waves will also be described in an attempt to stimulate future research work dealing with ice impact loads. Moreover, due to the lack of research activities addressing the control problem of ships operating in icy waters, the current article will briefly discuss passive and active control schemes developed for controlling the ship roll motion. There are 529 references cited in this review article.

Interaction of Ships and Ocean Structures With Ice Loads and Stochastic Ocean Waves

More and more people are attracted to go North. To design a fixed or a floating structure for Arctic conditions, to set operational limits or to specify certain safety requirements, one must rely on limited knowledge, data and experience. Several marine incidents have shown that absolute safety does not exist, including the holing and sinking of the cruise ship Explorer in 2007 and the holing of the tanker Nordvik in 2013. The concept of structural analysis in which the structure is allowed to deform inelastically due to rare and extreme actions (e.g., a collision with an ice mass) is of crucial importance in engineering. In the literature, this concept is often referred to as Accidental Limit State (ALS) design. With the ALS approach, adequate precautions against scenarios outside of ice class requirements can be established for both ships and offshore structures. Understanding ice behavior and structural performance during collisions allows us to develop predictive tools that form the core of design.Although the topic of ice-mass collisions with structures is not new, the present study is one of a few to address the experimental aspects of ice-structure collisions in which the impacted structure undergoes irreversible deformation together with ice crushing. Inelastic behavior of ice and of steel panels has been studied in experimental tests and numerical simulations. This study is a continuation of research performed in the Department of Marine Technology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and is a component of a larger research project on the prediction of loads exerted by various types of ice (including icebergs) on floating structures.This study provides an overview of existing methods for the analysis of ALS due to ice actions, including different ice failure/yield criteria that might be considered for ALS. It was acknowledged that ice behavior under rapid compressive loading is not fully understood and that there is a complete lack of direct, full-scale field measurements of ice forces on structures that deform plastically under ice actions. These facts served as motivation for carrying out three main types of experiments:1. Small-scale indentation tests on confined and unconfined laboratory-grown freshwater granular and columnar S2 ice at temperatures of –10°C and –40°C. In these tests, the events that are observed in full- and medium-scale tests were reproduced with remarkable similarity.2. Drop tests of ice blocks onto stiffened steel panels.3. Laboratory impact tests of ice blocks onto stiffened panels in water. The tests were conducted at a scale approaching full-scale ice impact using laboratorygrown freshwater ice blocks and panels of varying rigidity.The first set of tests served as a basis for validation of a constitutive ice model. The parameters of the model were measured in experiments that are independent of the tests used to validate the accuracy of the ice model. To assess whether the model is applicable for describing ice crushing, the energy absorption from numerical simulations was compared with that found experimentally. This comparison showed that the model is, in fact, able to capture the energy absorption during ice crushing.The results of the second and third sets of experiments were also used for validation of the ice model. The study indicated that both the plastic methods of analysis and numerical simulations could be used to assess damage to the structure due to ice actions. A comparison of the structural damages from laboratory tests and numerical simulations showed that the numerical simulations slightly overestimate the maximum damage, and the difference between the estimates increases for the tests conducted in water.To improve the ice model, several modifications have been suggested and include the generalized version of a strain-based, pressure-dependent (or triaxiality-dependent) failure criterion, and a combination of a nonlinear finite element method and smooth particle hydrodynamics for modeling of the ice fragmentation and contact-pressure patterns. An interpretation of the model parameters was also suggested. An advantage of the ice model is that it is rather simple and does not require sophisticated tests for validation of the material parameters.

Experimental and numerical studies related to the coupled behavior ofice mass and steel structures during accidental collisions

ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SHIPS IMPACT INTERACTION WITH ONE-SIDED BARRIER

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Analytical and Experimental Investigations of Ships Impact Interaction with One-Sided Barrier.

Review of existing methods for the analysis of the accidental limit state due to ice actions

Semisubmersible response to transient ice forces

This paper presents the motion and structural responses of a model that is structurally and dynamically similar to a typical semi-submersible platform. The model is fabricated of high impact polystyrene sheets, 0.78 mm (0.03 in.) thick, and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) tubes (for bracings), 1.58 mm (0.06 in.) thick. The response of the model to regular and irregular waves under operating/survival conditions and impacts of modeled bergy-bits (prototype weights of 1000 t and 2000 t traveling at speeds of 1.0 to 4.0 m/s) was determined. In addition, the response of a damaged-corner-column semi-submersible to survival wave conditions was also examined. The motion and structural responses were monitored using 30 strain gages, an accelerometer and four potentiometer devices. The impact loads were simulated by weights swinging in a pendulum mode in still water. The motion RAOs, stress RAOs, PSDs of stresses, impact loads versus time histories, etc., are computed and compared with published values. There is a very good agreement between the present experimental/analytical results and other results published earlier for the motion response. It was found that the theoretical models tend to overestimate the structural response at short wave periods and underestimate it at long periods.

M. Arockiasamy

Papers

Semisubmersible response to transient ice forces

Motion and Structural Response of a Hydroelastic Semi-Submersible Model to Waves and Ice Impacts