Advances in laser, microwave, and similar technologies have led to recent developments of thermal treatments for disease and injury involving skin tissue. In spite of the widespread use of heating therapies in dermatology, they do not draw upon the detailed understanding of the biothermomechanics of behavior, for none exists to date, even though each behavioral facet is well established and understood. It is proposed that a detailed understanding of the coupled biological-mechanical response under thermal agitation will contribute to the design, characterization, and optimization of strategies for delivering better treatment. For a comprehensive understanding on the underlying mechanisms of thermomechanical behavior of skin tissue, recent progress on bioheat transfer, thermal damage, thermomechanics, and thermal pain should be systematically reviewed. This article focuses on the transfer of heat through skin tissue. Experimental study, theoretical analysis, and numerical modeling of skin thermal behavior are reviewed, with theoretical analysis carried out and closed-form solutions obtained for simple one-layer Fourier theory based model. Non-Fourier bioheat transfer models for skin tissue are discussed, and various skin cooling technologies summarized. Finally, the predictive capacity of various heat transfer models is demonstrated with selected case studies. DOI: 10.1115/1.3124646

Mathematical Modeling of Skin Bioheat Transfer

Background
During the last decade, donor governments and international agencies have increasingly emphasized the importance of building the capacity of indigenous health care organizations as part of strengthening health systems and ensuring sustainability. In 2009, the U.S. Global Health Initiative made country ownership and capacity building keystones of U.S. health development assistance, and yet there is still a lack of consensus on how to define either of these terms, or how to implement “country owned capacity building”.

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Country ownership and capacity building: the next buzzwords in health systems strengthening or a truly new approach to development?

Managing production forests for timber production and carbon emission reductions under the REDD+ scheme

Government uses a wide variety of instruments to reach its policy goals, ranging from indirect methods, such as moral suasion and cash induce- ments, to more direct ones involving government provision of services. Although there has been a fair amount of writing on the nature and use of various policy instruments, there is very little work on either the meaning ascribed to these instruments by the decisionmakers who use them (or the experts who design them) or the processes by which some come to be favored over others. Characteristics of the political system, such as national policy style, the organizational setting of the decisionmaker, and the problem situation are all likely to have some influence over the choice of instruments. The relative impact of these variables, however, is likely to be mediated by subjective factors linked to cognition. Perceptions of the proper 'tool to do the job' intervenes between context and choice in a complex way. Effortsto account forvariation in instrument choice, then, must focus not only on macro level variables but on micro ones as well.

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Instruments of Government: Perceptions and Contexts

Events such accidental or deliberate explosions need to be considered in load design, but this can be difficult due to the uncertainty related to load definition for blast actions. This paper highlights a dynamic characterization that was carried out on reinforcing steel belonging to an existing structure. The steel was from the Tenza Bridge, a reinforced concrete arch bridge in southern Italy. The behavior of both concrete and reinforcing steel under dynamic loading rates at high strain-rate levels was investigated. Tensile failure tests were performed on steel specimens at different strain rates using a modified Hopkinson bar device. Data from the tests were processed to obtain stress-strain relationships under different strain-rate conditions, and the results were compared with existing formulations, providing the dynamic increase factor of yield and ultimate stresses for reinforcing steel. Finding show that the reinforcing steel was strain-rate sensitive in terms of yield stress, ultimate stress and ultimate strain. As the strain rate increased, yield stress increased more than ultimate stress.

Tensile High Strain-Rate Behavior of Reinforcing Steel from an Existing Bridge

International Conference Proceedings B. Boussahoua and M. Boudour'' Critical Clearing Time evaluation of power system with UPFC by energetic method'', Proceeding of The 11 Spanish Portuguese Conference on Electrical Engineering, 11Chlie 09, Vigo, Spain, July 2009. www.docstoc.com/.../Accepted-papers-for-11th-Spanish-Portuguese-Conference-on R. Benabid, M. Boudour and M. Abido, '' Optimization of Multi-FACTS Devices for (...)

International Conference Proceedings

Universite des Sciences & Technologie Houari Boumediene Faculte d'Electronique & Informatique Departement Electrotechnique Nom et Prenom : BOUDOUR Mohamed Diplome : Docteur d'Etat en Genie Electrique Fonction : Enseignant chercheur Grade : Professeur - Directeur de Recherche Poste : Directeur de Laboratoire des Systemes Electriques & Industriels (LSEI) Email : mboudour@IEEE.org CURRICULUM VITAE FORMATION Ecole / Universite Dates (...)

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Theses de doctorat soutenues 2008/2009 Nom & Prenom de l'etudiant Intitule du titre de memoire/These Date et lieu de soutenance K. Sebaa “Commande intelligente pour l'amelioration de la stabilite dynamique des reseaux d'energie electrique” voir en PDF.... Soutenue en 2008 B. (...)

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Experience dans les projets et programmes de recherche Intitule du Programme (PNR, AUF, UE..) Annee et N° de projet Organisme " Etude et developpement de dispositifs de mesure, d'acquisition et de diagnostics appliques aux systemes de puissance". CNEPRU No :J0200220100041 (...)

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Memoires de master soutenus 2011 Memoires de master soutenus 2011 1 Nom & Prenom de l'etudiant Boutiche Said et Hasnaoui Soufyane date et lieu de soutenance Juin 2011, FEI, USTHB Rapporteur MENAA Mohamed (...)

m-boudour

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