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Integration Of Alternative Sources Of Energy

Describing methods whereby high quality sound reproduction in auditory perspective can be accomplished over long distances, this discussion centers largely upon a description of the exact technique employed in providing communication transmission circuits for the Philadelphia-Washington demonstration. Problems that might be involved in carrying out such transmission on a more widespread scale also are touched upon.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6731005/6772223/06772230.pdf

Transmission lines

Elephant herding optimization (EHO) is a nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm based on the herding behavior of elephants. EHO uses a clan operator to update the distance of the elephants in each clan with respect to the position of a matriarch elephant. The superiority of the EHO method to several state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms has been demonstrated for many benchmark problems and in various application areas. A comprehensive review for the EHO-based algorithms and their applications are presented in this paper. Various aspects of the EHO variants for continuous optimization, combinatorial optimization, constrained optimization, and multi-objective optimization are reviewed. Future directions for research in the area of EHO are further discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/8/9/1415/pdf

Elephant Herding Optimization: Variants, Hybrids, and Applications

Sustainable electrification planning for remote locations especially in developing countries is very complex in nature while considering different traits such as social, economic, technical, and environmental. To address these issues related to current energy needs depending upon the end user requirements, a coherent, translucent, efficient, and rational energy planning framework has to be identified. This paper presents a comprehensive generalized methodological framework based on the synergies of decision analysis and optimization models for the design of a reliable, robust, and economic microgrid system based on locally available resources for rural communities in developing nations. The framework consists of three different stages. First, decision analysis considering various criterions (technical, social, economic, and environmental) for the selection of suitable energy alternative for designing the microgrid considering multiple scenarios are carried out. Second, the optimal sizing of the various energy resources in different microgrid structures is illustrated. Third, hybrid decision analysis methods are used for selection of the best sustainable microgrid energy system. Finally, the framework presented is then utilized for the design of a sustainable rural microgrid for a remote community located in the Himalayas in India to illustrate its effectiveness. The results obtained show that decision analysis tools provide a real-time solution for rural electrification by binding the synergy between various criteria considering different scenarios. The feasibility analysis using proposed multiyear scalable approach shows its competence not only in determining the suitable size of the microgrid, but also by reducing the net present cost and the cost of electricity significantly.

A Novel Methodological Framework for the Design of Sustainable Rural Microgrid for Developing Nations

With the globally increasing electricity demand, its related uncertainties are on the rise as well. Therefore, a deeper insight of load forecasting techniques for projecting future electricity demands becomes imperative for business entities and policy makers. The electricity demand is governed by a set of different variables or “electricity demand determinants”. These demand determinants depend on forecasting horizons (long term, medium term, and short term), the load aggregation level, climate, and socio-economic activities. In this paper, a review of different electricity demand forecasting methodologies is provided in the context of a group of low and middle income countries. The article presents a comprehensive literature review by tabulating the different demand determinants used in different countries and forecasting the trends and techniques used in these countries. A comparative review of these forecasting methodologies over different time horizons reveals that the time series modeling approach has been extensively used while forecasting for long and medium terms. For short term forecasts, artificial intelligence-based techniques remain prevalent in the literature. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the demand determinants in these countries indicates a frequent use of determinants like the population, GDP, weather, and load data over different time horizons. Following the analysis, potential research gaps are identified, and recommendations are provided, accordingly.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/15/5931/pdf

A Review of Electricity Demand Forecasting in Low and Middle Income Countries: The Demand Determinants and Horizons

Load forecasting is needed by an electric utility to anticipate the amount of power to be generated and distributed to the consumers It will be a big help for them in power system planning, scheduling, and operation especially now that there is power crisis in the country In this paper, the use of regression based approach will be used to forecast the load demand of Aborlan-Narra-Quezon distribution grid in Palawan for the next ten (10) years The factors considered were the actual historical data from the local power utility company, the number of consumers for the past five (5) years, and the development plans (ie commercial, industrial) on the subject area for the next ten (10) years ahead as the input data Results showed that the proposed method is satisfactory The overall load forecasting error or the mean average percentage error (MAPE) is 226% which is very much feasible and acceptable The use of multiple linear regression in MS Excel is implemented and very useful to evaluate the accuracy and significance of the forecasted data The forecasted data determined the need for capacity addition of an existing generating plant and proposed another source of energy If the proposed model is adopted, it can be applied to other distribution system in Palawan to forecast the entire electricity demand of the main distribution grid as well as the island grid

Electric load demand forecasting for Aborlan-Narra-Quezon distribution grid in Palawan using multiple linear regression

The island of Calayan is locared 39 kilometers from the Babuyan Island directed west-south-west off the coast in the Philippines. Grid connectivity is nearly impossible since the island is far away from the mainland based on geographic location. The electricity demand in the area is fulfilled by stand-alone diesel generators but for limited hours only. Fortunately, a reliable and continuous supply of electricity is possible because the island is rich with renewable energy sources such as hydro, wind and solar. In this study, an attempt has been made to model a hybrid renewable power system to supply the electricity demand of the island in a reliable and sustainable manner. This hybrid system incorporates a combination of solar PV, wind turbines, diesel generators, micro-hydro plant and batteries. HOMER software is used to analyze and find out the best possible configuration based on the available renewable sources in the area. A 50 kW solar PV, 50×10 kW wind turbines, 1×180 kW and 1×120 kW diesel generators, 450×2 kWh batteries, 250 kW hydroelectric plant and a 150 kW converter hybrid system are found to be the best among all other configurations in terms of net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). This configuration gives the lowest COE at P11.89/kWh and NPC of P236M with a renewable fraction of 88%.

Modeling of a hybrid renewable power system for Calayan Island, Cagayan using the HOMER software

Contingency Analysis is an analysis of a power system to determine the severity of an outage to the whole system. In this paper, the researchers made a MATLAB program that screened and ranked all the n-2 and n-1 contingencies present in IEEE 14-Bus System. Over all, IEEE 14-Bus system has 5 generators and 20 transmission lines comprising of 325 possible outage cases. The researchers used Fast Decoupled Load Flow method for the load flow analysis of the system for each outage case since it is more simplified than other methods. Also, to determine the severity of each outage cases, the researchers used Performance Indices specifically the Voltage-Reactive Performance index as an indicator whether the outage happened is critical or not. With this MATLAB program, power system operator can easily determine the severity of the outage of a given power system and what action must be done.

Algorithm development for Power System Contingency screening and ranking using Voltage-Reactive Power Performance Index

Protection coordination is the process of determining the primary protective device that is responsible for clearing the fault as quickly as possible. For each fault location, taking into account in the event that any of these devices fail, each should be backup by another protective device. The coordination of these overcurrent relays is a very tedious process, thus, automating the relay settings with the desired coordination time interval is necessary. This paper introduces a new problem formulation and presents the justification using mathematical proof and computer simulation. The objective function to be minimize is defined as the sum of the time dial settings of all the relays. The inequality constraints guarantee the coordination margin for each primary/backup relay pair having a fault very close to the primary relay. Using this formulation, the size of the optimization problem is significantly reduced. However, in this study, coordination of directional overcurrent relays solved using genetic algorithm, the test system is IEEE 14-bus bar and a meshed system with DGs. Three case studies has been considered, case 1 with no DG (reference case), case 2 with presents of four DGs and last case is worst case scenario. The results of this study are vital to the determination of the best coordination settings of overcurrent relays by minimizing the operation time. The z-test and percent difference are used to determine the significant difference of case studies and compared to the reference case.

Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) in a ring distribution network with distributed generation (DG) using genetic algorithm

This study implemented a hybrid net metering technology that will help limit the power consumed from the grid and maximize the usage of renewable energy, i.e., solar energy. The main objective of the study is to design a prototype on a small scale basis that controls and monitors the usage of power consumed by the load using a hybrid system. The development of hybrid system provided a significant change when it was implemented. Data gathered through the thirty-day test show the power decrement from the load. The monthly consumption of the load will drop by 16.69% and if the researcher will account the surplus energy that will be collected throughout the month and deduct it to the monthly consumption of the load that will be an approximate 10% drop also. The researchers were able to conclude that the total savings of the system will be almost equal to 26.69%.

M.C. Pacis

Papers

Electric load demand forecasting for Aborlan-Narra-Quezon distribution grid in Palawan using multiple linear regression

Modeling of a hybrid renewable power system for Calayan Island, Cagayan using the HOMER software

Algorithm development for Power System Contingency screening and ranking using Voltage-Reactive Power Performance Index

Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) in a ring distribution network with distributed generation (DG) using genetic algorithm

Development of a smart controller for hybrid net metering