The present paper reviews existing knowledge with regard to Organic Aerosol (OA) of importance for global climate modelling and defines critical gaps needed to reduce the involved uncertainties. All pieces required for the representation of OA in a global climate model are sketched out with special attention to Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA): The emission estimates of primary carbonaceous particles and SOA precursor gases are summarized. The up-to-date understanding of the chemical formation and transformation of condensable organic material is outlined. Knowledge on the hygroscopicity of OA and measurements of optical properties of the organic aerosol constituents are summarized. The mechanisms of interactions of OA with clouds and dry and wet removal processes parameterisations in global models are outlined. This information is synthesized to provide a continuous analysis of the flow from the emitted material to the atmosphere up to the point of the climate impact of the produced organic aerosol. The sources of uncertainties at each step of this process are highlighted as areas that require further studies.

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Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review

Prediction of the surface tension of deep eutectic solvents

In-situ vapor-phase lubrication of sidewall MicroElectroMechanical System (MEMS) devices is investigated with 1-pentanol vapor. The 1-pentanol vapor successfully maintains lubricating properties between silicon contacts of MEMS devices. This is attributed to the ability of alcohol to adsorb on the silicon surface and sustain a lubricating layer, which prevents wear of the MEMS surfaces and minimizes friction. In the presence of these vapors, MEMS devices with sliding contacts operated without failure for up to a factor of 1.7 × 104 longer than in dry N2 gas alone, representing a dramatic improvement in operating life. Adhesion and friction were also investigated as a function of alcohol vapor pressure. The adhesive force between microfabricated MEMS sidewall surfaces increases from ∼30 to ∼60 nN as the alcohol vapor pressure is increased from 0 to 20% of saturation, and then only slightly increases to ∼75 nN at 95% of saturation vapor pressure. This increase in force is well within the capabilities of even the lowest force on-chip actuators, such as electrostatic comb drives which can typically generate a few μN of force. The static friction force was found to be independent of alcohol vapor pressure within the uncertainties in the measurement.

In-situ Vapor-Phase Lubrication of MEMS

This paper presents densities and viscosities for n-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, and for binary mixtures with n-butanol as a common component at temperatures between (303.15 and 343.15) K over the entire composition range. The experimental apparatuses are a vibrating-tube densimeter for the density measurements and two Cannon−Fenske viscosimeters for the viscosity measurements. We have calculated excess molar volumes, dynamic viscosities, and excess Gibbs energy of activation from the experimental measurements. A temperature-dependent Redlich−Kister equation represents the calculated excess molar volumes, viscosity deviations, and excess Gibbs energy of activation. The Grunberg−Nissan equation has been used to correlate the experimental kinematic viscosities of the binary liquid mixtures.

Densities and Viscosities of Binary Mixtures of n-Butanol with 2-Butanol, Isobutanol, and tert-Butanol from (303.15 to 343.15) K

Surface tension of chain molecules through a combination of the gradient theory with the CPA EoS

Excess volume, changes of refractive index and surface tension of binary 1,2-ethanediol + 1-propanol or 1-butanol mixtures at several temperatures

Surface tension and refractive index for binary mixtures of {octane + ethanol, + 1-propanol, + 1-butanol, + 1-pentanol, + 1-hexanol, + 1-heptanol, and + 1-octanol}, and density for {octane + ethanol} have been measured at T = 298.15 K for the whole composition range. From the experimental data we extract excess molar volumes, surface tension deviations, and changes of refractive index. All these experimental data are compared among them and with previous results of the binary mixtures hexane + 1-alkanol and dibutyl ether + 1-alkanol. Also we compare our present results with other published data when available.

Density, Surface Tension, and Refractive Index of Octane + 1-Alkanol Mixtures at T = 298.15 K

Surface and bulk characterisation of mixtures containing alkylammonium nitrates and water or ethanol: Experimental and simulated properties at 298.15 K

M. Cabanas

Papers

Excess volume, changes of refractive index and surface tension of binary 1,2-ethanediol + 1-propanol or 1-butanol mixtures at several temperatures

Density, Surface Tension, and Refractive Index of Octane + 1-Alkanol Mixtures at T = 298.15 K

Surface and bulk characterisation of mixtures containing alkylammonium nitrates and water or ethanol: Experimental and simulated properties at 298.15 K

Excess molar enthalpies of the binary systems: (Dibutyl ether + isomers of pentanol) at T = (298.15 and 308.15) K

Excess molar volumes of ternary mixtures di-n-butyl ether+1-pentanol+n-dodecane at 298.15 K