Evaluation of vaccines, interferons and cell substrates for pestivirus contamination.

This review is to provide information on viral diseases of livestock in Zambia. The distribution of the diseases as well as the control measures and limited research that has been done, are described. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) causes serious economic losses in the cattle industry. So far five serotypes (SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, O and At of FMD virus have been isolated in Zambia. Other notifiable viral diseases are rabies, Rift Valley fever, Lumpy skin disease, African horse sickness, bluetongue, African swine fever, Newcastle disease, Marek's disease, fowlpox and infectious bursal disease. Based on the reports of clinical and/or serological diagnoses, these are widespread in the country, although their precise incidence rates are not known. With the establishment of a veterinary school equipped with modern diagnostic facilities and the increasing number of qualified veterinary personnel, this review would stimulate surveillance study on the viral diseases for the ultimate goal of achieving effective disease control measures.

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Viral diseases of livestock in Zambia.

This volume is a thorough review of gastrointestinal infections that can occur in patients infected with HIV. The textbook begins with an introduction to gastrointestinal infections encountered across the world and a quick review of HIV infection and mucosal immunology. Included in this section is discussion of the epidemiology and the pathogenesis of the organisms that cause disease in humans. The section also discusses radiological findings characteristic of these infections and individual pathogens that can complicate HIV infection. The section concludes with a group of chapters that detail infections that occur in certain areas of the world. Notable in this volume is the thorough international review of opportunistic infections, which can be used by all countries, including those in the developing world. Two of the most intriguing chapters in this book are about diarrhea in Africa and in Latin America. These chapters address the infections seen in those countries from the perspective of physicians caring for patients in those regions. As a result, not only can the book be used as a reference for gastrointestinal infection in AIDS patients, but also can be consulted to understand the approaches to infections in those countries. The book is exactly what the title states; it is a combination of text and atlas. The text is very encyclopedic. Certain sections, including the chapters about the history of intestinal parasitoses, are very difficult to read. These sections are very detailed and are an appropriate reference for the very interested reader. This is the only flaw that I found with the text. The highlight of the book is its collection of wonderful photographs, pictures, and diagrams. They are reproduced well and are adequately sized to visualize features that are pointed out in the text. The photographs are both black-and-white and, when needed, color. The best example of the atlas is the chapter titled “Parasites commonly associated with recognized agents of AIDS-related chronic diarrhea in developing countries”; included in this chapter are wonderful photographs of the organisms causing disease, as well as the life cycles of the nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes that are commonly encountered. This book is an ideal textbook for a wide variety of readers. Gastroenterologists, infectious diseases physicians, and HIV/AIDS specialists may find this textbook quite useful because it is such a comprehensive review of infections of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, this book may serve as a reference for other physicians, medical students, and house officers who encounter patients with these complications. It provides a solid review of the current approaches regarding pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment for any reader that is interested. One must, however, remember that HIV/AIDS medicine is a rapidly changing field and that more current references are important to supplement this textbook, especially as time goes on.

Textbook-Atlas of Intestinal Infections in AIDS

Disclosed are compounds, compositions and methods for treating Flaviviridae family virus infections.

Bicyclic heteroaryl derivatives

Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus species of the genus Pestivirus, important pathogens affecting zootechnics worldwide, have been reported as adventitious contaminants of biological products for veterinary and human use. The Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus 1 species showed potential for an emerging zoonosis. According to World Organization for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties: OIE), Bovine Viral Diarrhea is a notifiable disease of importance to international trade. Recently, Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus 3 tentative species have been isolated from Brazil and Thailand. The virus has been diffused from South America to other countries probably through the commercialization of contaminated fetal bovine serum.

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Pestivirus Species Potential Adventitious Contaminants of Biological Products

Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus is a cosmopolitan pestivirus of animals which is associated with diarrhoea, immunosuppression and synergy with other pathogens. This study was conducted to establish the prevalence of anti-BVD virus antibodies in healthy Zambian adults and those with asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV disease. Sera from 1159 adults were tested for anti-BVD virus antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence test and the confirmatory Western blot. Of the 1159 sera examined, 180 (15.5%) showed significantly elevated titres of anti-BVD antibodies. These included 70 out of 477 (14.7%) HIV-negative healthy adults; 73 out of 480 (15.2%) of HIV-positive asymptomatic individuals; 23 out of 129 (17.8%) HIV-seropositive patients with associated illnesses excluding diarrhoea; and 14 out of 73 (19.2%) of HIV-seropositive patients with chronic diarrhoea. HIV-seropositive patients with chronic diarrhoea or associated illnesses appear to have significantly increased seroprevalence of anti-BVD virus antibodies (P = > 0.01). The mechanism of interaction between BVD virus and HIV infections and the synergistic effects with other opportunistic pathogens in humans requires definition.

M. Giangaspero

Papers

Anti-bovine viral diarrhoea virus antibodies in adult Zambian patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.