Trend in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Obesity is one of the most important underlying risk factors for chronic disease. Dramatically increasing and following complication of obesity should be alerted to health politicians and practitioners to prevent associated health risks. This review aimed to give a better insight into the prevalence of obesity and overweight in different areas of Iran. Method: All published internal (SID, Irandoc, Iranmedex), and international (Web of Knowledge, Pubmed, Scopus) source studies, reported the prevalence of overweight/obesity among normal population samples, during Jan 2005 through Jan 2014, were assessed in this review. Paper selection processes were done by two researchers separately. Studies which met the eligible criteria were included in this review. Result: One hundred ninety three eligible studies enter into our review. Of 193 final selected studies, 86 (15 national, 71 sub national) of them were reported the prevalence of obesity/overweight in adult, and 107 studies (11 national, 96 sub national) in under-18 by individual. The range of overweight and obesity prevalence in national studies in adult, was 27.0-38.5 (95% CI: 26.8-27.1, 37.2-39.8), and 12.6-25.9 (95% CI: 12.2-13.0, 24.9-26.8), separately. In under-18 the range of overweight and obesity prevalence in national studies were 5.0-13.5 (95% CI: 4.5-5.5, 13.4-13.6), and 3.2-11.9 (95% CI: 3.0-3.4, 11.3-12.4). Conclusion: Obesity as an important public health problem has been discussed in recent few decades worldwide. Although the national reported prevalence of obesity in Iran was not considerably diverse, but remarkable differences were seen in the sub national prevalence which must be noticed more in political health programs especially among women and children.

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Prevalence of obesity and overweight in adults and children in Iran; a systematic review.

Low birth weight (LBW) is closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibite growth and cognitive development and resulted chronic diseases later in life. Many factors affect foetal growth and thus, the birth weight. These factors operate to various extents in different environments and cultures. The prevalence of low birth weight in the study area is the highest in the country. To the investigator’s knowledge in Bale Zone, no study has yet been done to elucidate the risk factors for low birth weight using case control study design. This study was aimed to identify the risk factors of low birth weight in Bale zone hospitals. A case–control study design was applied from April 1st to August 30th, 2013. A total of 387 mothers (136 cases and 272 controls) were interviewed using structured and pretested questionnaire by trained data collectors working in delivery ward. For each case, two consecutive controls were included in the study. All cases and controls were mothers with singleton birth, full term babies, no diabetes mellitus and no hypertensive. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 statistical package. The association between the independent variables and dependent variable (birth weight) was evaluated through bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. Maternal age at delivery <20 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.65–5.73), monthly income <26 United States Dollarr (USD) (AOR = 3.8; 95 % CI = 1.54–9.41), lack of formal education (AOR = 6; 95 % CI = 1.34–26.90), being merchant (AOR = 0.1; 95 %CI = 0.02–0.52) and residing in rural area (AOR = 2.1; 95 % CI = 1.04–4.33) were socio-economic variables associated with low birth weight. Maternal risk factors like occurrence of health problems during pregnancy (AOR = 6.3; 95 % CI = 2.75–14.48), maternal body mass index <18 kg/m2 (AOR = 6.7; 95 % CI = 1.21–37.14), maternal height <1.5m (AOR = 3.7; 95 % CI = 1.22–11.28), inter-pregnancy interval <2 years (AOR = 3; 95 % CI = 1.58–6.31], absence of antenatal care (OR = 2.9; 95 % CI = 1.23–6.94) and history of khat chewing (AOR = 6.4; 95 % CI = 2.42–17.10) and environmental factors such as using firewood for cooking (AOR = 2.7; 95 % CI = 1.01–7.17), using kerosene for cooking (AOR = 8.9; 95 % CI = 2.54–31.11), wash hands with water only (AOR = 2.2; 95 % CI = 1.30–3.90) and not having separate kitchen room (AOR = 2.6; 95 % CI = 1.36–4.85) were associated with low birth weight. Women who residing in rural area, faced health problems during current pregnancy, had no antenatal care follow-up and use firewood as energy source were found to be more likely to give low birth weight babies. Improving a mother’s awareness and practice for a healthy pregnancy needs to be emphasized to reverse LBW related problems.

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Risk factors for low birth weight in Bale zone hospitals, South-East Ethiopia : a case-control study.

Obesity is one of the main public health problems which underlie many chronic illnesses and socioeconomic difficulties. According to the literature review, there are limited data on the prevalence of obesity in different parts of Iran as well as its trend and prevalence among different age and gender groups. The aim of this study was to estimate the obesity prevalence in Iran using meta-analysis. All the corresponding articles published in the external and internal journals, final reports of research projects, articles of related congresses and the reference index of the correlated papers published between 1995 and 2010 were collected via the electronic research engines (PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran, IranMedex). Data were analyzed using meta-analysis (random effects model) and meta-regression). A total of 144 articles with the sample size of 377858 people (134588 males and 164858 females) were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of obesity in populations above the age of 18 was estimated as 21.7% (CI 95%: 18.5% - 25%) and in populations below 18 as 6.1% (CI 95%: 6.8%-5.4%). Meta-regression analysis showed an ascending trend in the prevalence of obesity in Iran. The prevalence rates of obesity according to the BMI index, NCHC and percentile above 95 were 17.4%, 7.6% and 7.4%, respectively. The BMI mean was 19.3 in populations below the age of 18 (CI 95%: 17-21.6) and 25.2 in those above the age of 18 (CI 95%: 27.1-23.3). Considering the increasing rate of obesity in Iran and its effects on the public health, corresponding health authorities should revise the obesity preventive programs and, using public health interventions, reduce the rate of obesity in the country.

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Investigation of the Prevalence of Obesity in Iran: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

BACKGROUND: Sucrose has been demonstrated to provide analgesia for minor painful procedures in infants. However, results of trials investigating other sweet solutions for neonatal pain relief have not yet been synthesized.

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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Nonsucrose Sweet Solutions for Pain Relief in Neonates

Introduction Low birth weight (LBW) is a major health problem and a significant contributor to neonatal death in both industrialised and developing countries. This study examined the prevalence and risk factors for LBW in Yazd, a central city of Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated all births that were registered in all the maternity hospitals in Yazd, Iran in 2008. LBW neonates were compared with neonates whose birth weight exceeded 2,500 g. Results The overall prevalence of LBW was 8.8 percent. Univariate analysis using chi-square test showed that the risk factors associated with LBW were first and second pregnancies, teenage pregnancy, maternal diseases (pregnancy-induced hypertension, chronic hypertension and urinary tract infection), childbirth interval of less than three years, especially less than one year from the previous birth, preterm labour and working mothers. In multivariate analysis, preterm labour (odds ratio [OR] 5.2, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] 4.8-6.11), working mothers (OR 2.7, 95 percent CI 1.25-3.1) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR 1.5, 95 percent CI 1.2-2.22) were found to be risk factors for LBW. Conclusion Screening for high-risk pregnancies, such as teenage pregnancies and those with short birth intervals and maternal disease, as well as making provisions for attentive prenatal care and facilities are essential to reduce the incidence of LBW.

Prevalence and risk factors for low birth weight in Yazd, Iran

Neonatal mortality of low birth weight infants in Yazd — Iran

Sunflower oil versus no oil moderate pressure massage leads to greater increases in weight in preterm neonates who are low birth weight.

Background: Admission of low birth-weight (LBW) neonates in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) causes their deprivation of tactile and sensory stimulation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate efficacy of body massage on growth parameters (weight, height and head circumference) gain velocity of LBW in Yazd, Iran. Materials and Methods: A randomized clinical trial study was conducted on LBW neonates whom were admitted to NICU of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd, Iran from March to December 2011. Neonates were randomly assigned to two groups. In group one, 20 neonates were received massage three times in a day for consecutive 14 days by their mothers. In group two, intervention consisted of standard and routine care as control group. The primary endpoints were efficacy in increase of mean of weight, height and head circumference that were evaluated 14 days after intervention, at ages one and two months. Secondary outcome was clinical side effects. Results: 17 girls and 23 boys with mean gestational age of 34.4±1.22 weeks were evaluated. In the body massage group, only weight at the age of two months was significantly higher than the control group (mean±SD: 3250±305 vs. 2948±121 gr, p=0.005). No adverse events were seen in the two groups. Conclusion: Body massage might be used as an effective and safe non-medical intervention for increasing of weight gain velocity in LBW preterm neonates.

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Effect of body massage on increase of low birth weight neonates growth parameters: A randomized clinical trial.

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the major determinants of neonatal survival as well as postnatal morbidity. Objective: The main objective of the present study was to determine neonatal mortality rate (NMR) in LBW infants in Yazd, Iran. Materials and Methods: In a prospective-cohort study, all births in the maternity hospitals of Yazd, Iran in 2004 were evaluated and mortality rate in LBW population over the course of the first month of extra uterine life was determined. Results: In total, 8.4% (507 of 6016 births) of all newborns were LBW and 18.7% (95/507) of all LBW neonates died. Neonatal mortality rate in Yazd was 24/1000 live births .Two- third (95 /143) of all neonatal deaths occurred in LBW. Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) in LBW, Moderately low birth weight (MLBW), Very low birth weight (VLBW) and Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) were 23, 11.5 , 62.5 and 117 times more than that of normal weight newborns, respectively. Nearly 65% of all LBW neonatal deaths occurred in first 24 hours after birth. Overall NMR, Early Neonatal mortality rate (ENMR) and Late Neonatal mortality rate (LNMR) in LBW were 187, 118 and 9.8 in 1000 live births, respectively. The main causes of mortality among LBW in order of prevalence were respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (59%), asphyxia (20%), septicemia (12%) and congenital malformation (9%). Conclusion: Neonatal mortality rate in Yazd is high and LBW accounted for two-third of neonatal deaths. Therefore, effort should be intensified to implement effective strategies for the reduction of LBW births and improving the care of these vulnerable neonates.

M Golestan

Papers

Prevalence and risk factors for low birth weight in Yazd, Iran

Neonatal mortality of low birth weight infants in Yazd — Iran

Sunflower oil versus no oil moderate pressure massage leads to greater increases in weight in preterm neonates who are low birth weight.

Effect of body massage on increase of low birth weight neonates growth parameters: A randomized clinical trial.

Neonatal mortality of low birth weight infants in Yazd, Iran