Pesticides are either natural or chemically synthesized compounds that are used to control a variety of pests. These chemical compounds are used in a variety of sectors like food, forestry, agriculture and aquaculture. Pesticides shows their toxicity into the living systems. The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes them based on their detrimental effects, emphasizing the relevance of public health. The usage can be minimized to a least level by using them sparingly with a complete grasp of their categorization, which is beneficial to both human health and the environment. In this review, we have discussed pesticides with respect to their global scenarios, such as worldwide distribution and environmental impacts. Major literature focused on potential uses of pesticides, classification according to their properties and toxicity and their adverse effect on natural system (soil and aquatic), water, plants (growth, metabolism, genotypic and phenotypic changes and impact on plants defense system), human health (genetic alteration, cancer, allergies, and asthma), and preserve food products. We have also described eco-friendly management strategies for pesticides as a green solution, including bacterial degradation, myco-remediation, phytoremediation, and microalgae-based bioremediation. The microbes, using catabolic enzymes for degradation of pesticides and clean-up from the environment. This review shows the importance of finding potent microbes, novel genes, and biotechnological applications for pesticide waste management to create a sustainable environment.

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Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it’s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review

The growing concern of chlorpyrifos exposures on human and environmental health.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) was the most frequently used pesticide in food production in the European Union (EU) until 2020. Unfortunately, this compound is still being applied in other parts of the world. National monitoring of pesticides conducted in various countries indicates the presence of CPF in soil, food, and water, which may have toxic effects on consumers, farmers, and animal health. In addition, CPF may influence changes in the population of fungi, bacteria, and actinomycete in soil and can inhibit nitrogen mineralization. The mechanisms of CPF activity are based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. This compound also exhibits reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity. The problem seems to be the discrepancy between the actual observations and the final conclusions drawn for the substance’s approval in reports presenting the toxic impact of CPF on human health. Therefore, this influence is still a current and important issue that requires continuous monitoring despite its withdrawal from the market in the EU. This review traces the scientific reports describing the effects of CPF resulting in changes occurring in both the environment and at the cellular and tissue level in humans and animals. It also provides an insight into the hazards and risks to human health in food consumer products in which CPF has been detected.

/pdf/chlorpyrifos-occurrence-and-toxicological-risk-assessment-a-274awwg3.pdf

Chlorpyrifos Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment: A Review

Thiacalix[4]arene-functionalized magnetic xanthan gum (TC4As-XG@FeO) as a hydrogel adsorbent for removal of dye and pesticide

Removal of emerging contaminants such as pesticides from aqueous systems is of growing concern. The usage of sustainable materials as adsorbents is an eco-friendly approach to water purification. Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant waste material that can serve as a sustainable source for preparing adsorbents. This work investigated the removal of chlorpyrifos from aqueous systems using a composite adsorbent prepared from sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar and encapsulated in alginate. The batch studies were conducted to examine the effect of contact time, initial pH, initial concentration of adsorbate, sorbent dosage and temperature on the extent of chlorpyrifos removal by biochar alginate beads. Adsorption thermodynamics, equilibrium isotherms, and kinetics were studied to elucidate the chlorpyrifos uptake phenomenon. The error functions were used to determine model parameters using non-linear regression approach. Biochar alginate beads showed 86 % chlorpyrifos removal under optimized conditions. The adsorption capacity was found to be 6.25 mg g−1 for pH 10 at 10 ppm chlorpyrifos concentration. The analysis of experimental isotherm data revealed Freundlich isotherm model to be the best fitting with regression coefficient value of 0.9332 Kinetic studies showed that adsorption followed intraparticle diffusion model with R2 value of 0.9750, where Boyd model was further studied to confirm rate constant. Adsorption of chlorpyrifos onto biochar beads is showed to be exothermic with type of adsorption to be physisorption. 

Adsorptive decontamination of organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos from aqueous systems using bagasse-derived biochar alginate beads: thermodynamic, equilibrium, and kinetic studies

Chlorpyrifos (CP) is a class of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, which find extensive applications as acaricide, insecticide and termiticide. The use of CP has been indicated in environmental contamination and disturbance in the biogeochemical cycles. CP has been reported to be neurotoxic and has a detrimental effect on immunological and psychological health. Therefore, it is necessary to design and develop effective degradation methods for the removal of CP from the environment. In the past few years, physicochemical (advanced oxidation process) and biological treatment approaches have been widely employed for the pesticide removal. However, the byproducts of this process are more toxic than the parent compound and along with an incomplete degradation of CP. This review focuses on the toxicity of CP, the sources of contamination, degradation pathways, physicochemical, biological, and nano-technology based methods employed for the degradation of CP. In addition, consolidated information on various detection methods and materials used for the detection have been provided in this review.

M Harshiny

Papers

Chlorpyrifos in environment and food: a critical review of detection methods and degradation pathways