To develop programs for the biological control of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) in tomatoes at the new temperature regimes, information is required about the reproduction capacity of Encarsia formosa Gahan at these low temperatures. Egg maturation, oviposition behaviour and oviposition frequency were tested using females kept at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C. All females were put at 25 °C for 2 days immediately after emergence and prior to the experiments; they were allowed to feed and oviposit. During the following period of 4 days females kept at 5 and 10 °C laid (almost) no eggs. Egg maturation did not occur at 5 °C and is also absent or very slow at 10 °C. At temperatures of 15 °C or higher the rate of egg maturation and the number of eggs laid increased with increasing temperature. All females kept at the 5 different temperatures for 4 days, laid eggs when they were placed at 25 °C for a 16 h period. The intended future rearing temperatures at night, which will be below 15 °C, greatly reduce the egg maturation of E. formosa. With the data reported in this paper we can estimate the reproduction capacity of E. formosa as soon as the final details of the new temperature regimes for tomato growing will be available.



Zusammenfassung

Zur Parasit-Wirt-Beziehung zwischen Encarsia formosa (Hym., Aphelinidae) und Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hom., Aleyrodidae). XIII. Wirkung tiefer Temperaturen auf die Eireifung von E. formosa



Um Programme zur biologischen Bekampfung der Gewachshaus-Mottenschildlaus, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.), an Tomaten unter den neuen Temperaturverhaltnissen entwickeln zu konnen, werden Informationenuber die Reproduktionskapazitat von E. formosa Gah. unter diesen niedrigen Temperaturen benotigt. Die Eireifung, das Eiablage-Verhalten und die Eiablage-Frequenz wurden an Weibchen von E. formosa bei Temperaturen von 5, 10, 15, 20 und 25 °C getestet. Alle Weibchen wurden unmittelbar nach dem Schlupfen, vor Beginn der Experimente, 2 Tage lang bei 25 °C gehalten. Sie konnten Nahrung aufnehmen und Eier ablegen. Wahrend der anschliesenden 4tagigen Periode wurden sie bei 5–10 °C gehalten, wobei sie praktisch keine Eier ablegten. Die Eireifung setzte bei 5 °C noch nicht ein; auch bei 10 °C fehlte sie oder war nur sehr schwach. Bei 15 °C und hoheren Temperaturen fand die Eireifung statt, und zwar zunehmend mit steigender Temperatur. Alle Weibchen, die unter den verschiedenen Temperaturen 4 Tage lang gehalten wurden, legten Eier ab, wenn sie 16 h lang 25 °C ausgesetzt wurden. Die beabsichtigte kunftige nachtliche Zuchttemperatur unter 15 °C vermindert die Eireifung der Schlupfwespe sehr stark. Mit Hilfe der in dieser Arbeit gegebenen Daten kann man die Reproduktionskapazitat von E. formosa abschatzen, sobald die neuen Temperaturverhaltnisse fur die Gewachshaustomaten-Zucht im einzelnen bekannt sind.

The parasite-host relationship between Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). IX. A review of the biological control of the greenhouse whitefly with suggestions for future research.

The species of the aphelinid genus Encarsia, from India and the adjacent countries are revised. Seventeen species and one subspecies are described as new, and redescriptions or notes, and illustrations are provided for a majority of the known species occurring in the area. Five specific names are placed in synonymy. A total of fifty-one species are recognized from the area. A key for the identification of sixty-two Oriental species, based on females, is given. The systematic position of the genus in the higher classification of the family is briefly discussed, and tentative species-groups are outlined.

A revision of the species of Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from India and the adjacent countries.

Aphelinidae are all insect parasitoids, and most species are associated with nymphal stages of Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha, either as primary parasitoids or hyperparasitoids The occurrence of egg parasitism in aphelinids has been recorded in eight of the 38 valid genera and these records are reviewed; it is particularly common in the genus Centrodora, which is shown to be the most polyphagous in the family One species, C darwini (Girault), is given special attention because of its occurrence in three recent surveys for biological control agents of crop pests It is briefly redescribed, diagnosed, and shown to be the most polyphagous aphelinid known A checklist of Australian Centrodora spp is given, including the new combination Centrodora grotiusi (Girault) comb n The purported evidence for the classification of certain Encarsia spp associated with eggs of Lepidoptera as ‘heterotrophic parasitoids’ is re-examined and dismissed

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0007485300053293

Egg parasitism in Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with special reference to Centrodora and Encarsia species.

Morphological and molecular systematic investigations have confirmed the existence in Australia of three species of Eretmocerus Haldeman that parasitise either the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), or the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood). Two of the species Eretmocerus warraesp. n. and Eretmocerus queenslandensissp. n. are described. A third species is very similar to Eretmocerus mundus Mercet at both the morphological and molecular levels. However, Australian populations of E. mundus are distinct from those found elsewhere in being thelytokous, suggesting that the Australian populations are a distinct biotype; we refer to these Australian populations as E. mundus (Australian parthenogenetic form; APF) to reflect this distinction. The four gene regions investigated, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II, the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and the domain 2 and 3 expansion segments of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene gave separation of the species consistent with our morphological data. Studies of COII, ITS1, ITS2 and D3 indicate that these three species do not vary geographically within Australia. Field collections and laboratory studies confirm that E. queenslandensis and E. mundus (APF) parasitise only B. tabaci, while E. warrae parasitises only T. vaporariorum. Eretmocerus warrae was found across the southern half of Australia, E. mundus (APF) from northern New South Wales to northern Queensland, and E. queenslandensis in northern Queensland. The molecular data indicate that E. queenslandensis is conspecific with an undescribed Eretmocerus species from Hong Kong.

Descriptions of three species of Eretmocerus Haldeman (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitising Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Australia based on morphological and molecular data

A data set consisting of twenty-eight anatomical characters scored for twenty-eight terminal taxa representing the world fauna of Signiphoridae was analysed using parsimony and compatibility methods. The Coccophaginae (Aphelinidae) and the Azotinae (Aphelinidae) were used as outgroups to establish polarity of character state changes. Relationships of Signiphoridae to other Chalcidoidea are discussed. Several multistate characters were treated in the parsimony analyses either as unordered or as ordered into transformation series using additive binary coding, which in some cases drastically reduced the number of equally parsimonious solutions. Monophyly of Signiphoridae is supported by seven synapomorphies. Four genera, Chartocerus, Thysanus, Clytina and Signiphora, are recognized within Signiphoridae based on synapomorphies. Rozanoviella syn.n. and Kerrichiella syn.n. are synonymized under Signiphora. Species of Signiphora are further assigned to four species groups, three of which are demonstrably monophyletic. Nine species or subspecies are transferred to Chartocerus from Signiphora (australicus comb.n., australiensis comb.n., australiensis orbiculatus comb.n., beethoveni comb.n., corvinus comb.n., funeralis comb.n., reticulata comb.n., ruskini comb.n., thusanoides comb.n.), one species to Thysanus from Signiphora (melancholicus comb.n.), and one species to Signiphora from Kerrichiella (coleoptratus comb.n.). A key to genera of Signiphoridae and species groups of Signiphora is presented. A diagnosis, relevant nomenclatural history, and a list of included species are given for each genus and species group, and the biology and distribution of each is summarized.

/pdf/phylogeny-and-classification-of-the-signiphoridae-w0guxl4gsg.pdf

Phylogeny and classification of the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).

An account of the Indian species of the genusEretmocerus
Haldeman is given. Three new species (E. indicus sp. n.,E. mashhoodi sp. n.,E. gunturiensis sp. n.) are described. Three species (E. haldemani
Howard,E. mundus
Mercet,E. corni
Haldeman) are reported for the first time from India. A revised key to the known species of the genus is also given.

The species of Eretmocerus Haldeman, 1850 (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from India.

An account of the Indian species of the genusAphelinus
Dalman is given Two new species (A. kashmiriensis sp. n.,A. desantisi sp.n.) are described. Four species (A. nikolskajae
Jasnosh,A. flavipes (Foerster),A. abdominalis (Dalman),A. asychis
Walker) are reported for the first time from India. A key for the separation of the Indian species ofAphelinus is presented.

The species of Aphelinus Dalman , 1820 [ Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae ] from India

An account of the Indian forms belonging to the familySigniphoridae is given. The family is represented by two genera namely,ThysanusWalker andChartocerusMotschulsky. The genusThysanus with the speciesT. aterWalker is reported for the first time from India, and is redescribed in greater detail. The subdivision of the genusChartocerus into three subgenera (Chartocerus s. str.,XanaKurdjumov, andSigniphorinaNikol’skaja.) proposed byRosanov (1965) is accepted. In the subgenusXana two new species are described and two already known species are recorded. In the subgenusSigniphorina one new species is described. A new generic character in the subgenital plate of the genusThysanus is proposed. The generic character in the subgenital plate of the genusChartocerus described byMan Mohan (1963) is confirmed.

Studies on the genera of the familySigniphoridae [Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea] recorded from India

An account of the Indian species of the Aphelinid genusCoccophagus,Westwood, collected by the author, is given. Three new species (C. gilvus sp. n.C. longicornis sp. n., andC. burksi sp. n.) are described, and three species [C. cowperiGirault,C. bogoriensis (Koningsberger) andC. BivittatusCompere] are reported for the first time from India. A key to the Indian and some allied species is given.

The species ofCoccophagus Westwood, 1833 [Hym., Aphelinidae] from India

Types have been examined of the aphelinid genusDirphysHoward (Type species,Mesidia mexicanaHoward). It is found to be closely related toEncarsiaForster and related coccophagine genera. Hence its earlier placement in the subfamilyAphelininae sensuDe Santis orAphytinaeJasnosh is considered untenable and, consequently, it is transferred to subfamilyCoccophaginae sensuDe Santis.

M. Hayat

Papers

The species of Eretmocerus Haldeman, 1850 (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from India.

The species of Aphelinus Dalman , 1820 [ Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae ] from India

Studies on the genera of the familySigniphoridae [Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea] recorded from India

The species ofCoccophagus Westwood, 1833 [Hym., Aphelinidae] from India

On the identity and systematic position of the genusDirphys [Hym.: Aphelinidae]