https://lbmd.coe.pku.edu.cn/PDF/JOE%202013%20Physical%20Properties%20of%205%20Root%20Canal%20Sealers.pdf

Physical Properties of 5 Root Canal Sealers

Adhesive Dentistry and Endodontics. Part 2: Bonding in the Root Canal System—The Promise and the Problems: A Review

https://www.endoexperience.com/documents/PIIS0099239909008978.pdf

Critical Review on Methacrylate Resin–based Root Canal Sealers

Borges RP, Sousa-Neto MD, Versiani MA, Rached-Junior FA, De-Deus G, Miranda CES, Pecora JD. Changes in the surface of four calcium silicate-containing endodontic materials and an epoxy resin-based sealer after a solubility test. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 419–428, 2012.

Abstract
Aim  To compare the changes in the surface structure and elemental distribution, as well as the percentage of ion release, of four calcium silicate-containing endodontic materials with a well-established epoxy resin-based sealer, submitted to a solubility test.

Methodology  Solubility of AH Plus, iRoot SP, MTA Fillapex, Sealapex and MTA-Angelus (MTA-A) was tested according to ANSI/ADA Specification 57. The deionized water used in the solubility test was submitted to atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine and quantify Ca2+, Na+, K+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+ ions release. In addition, the outer and inner surfaces of nonsubmitted and submitted samples of each material to the solubility test were analysed by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Statistical analysis was performed by using one-way anova and Tukey’s post hoc tests (α = 0.05).

Results  Solubility results, in percentage, sorted in an increasing order were −1.24 ± 0.19 (MTA-A), 0.28 ± 0.08 (AH Plus), 5.65 ± 0.80 (Sealapex), 14.89 ± 0.73 (MTA Fillapex) and 20.64 ± 1.42 (iRoot SP). AH Plus and MTA-A were statistically similar (P > 0.05), but different from the other materials (P < 0.05). High levels of Ca2+ ion release were observed in all groups except AH Plus sealer. MTA-A also had the highest release of Na2+ and K+ ions. Zn+2 ion release was observed only with AH Plus and Sealapex sealers. After the solubility test, all surfaces had morphological changes. The loss of matrix was evident and the filler particles were more distinguishable. EDX analysis displayed high levels of calcium and carbon at the surface of Sealapex, MTA Fillapex and iRoot SP.

Conclusions  AH Plus and MTA-A were in accordance with ANSI/ADA’s requirements regarding solubility whilst iRoot SP, MTA Fillapex and Sealapex did not fulfil ANSI/ADA’s protocols. High levels of Ca2+ ion release were observed in all materials except AH Plus. SEM/EDX analysis revealed that all samples had morphological changes in both outer and inner surfaces after the solubility test. High levels of calcium and carbon were also observed at the surface of all materials except AH Plus and MTA-A.

Changes in the surface of four calcium silicate-containing endodontic materials and an epoxy resin-based sealer after a solubility test

Aim To assess ex vivo the cytotoxic effects of five new root canal sealers (RC Sealer, Epiphany, EndoREZ, GuttaFlow and Acroseal) and three existing products (AH Plus, RoekoSeal and Apexit) using primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and a mouse fibroblast cell line, L929.



Methodology  Eight samples of each sealer were fabricated in sterile cylindrical Teflon blocks, 4.4 mm diameter and 2 mm height and then divided into two groups, fresh and aged specimens. Extraction of fresh specimens was carried out after setting whilst aged specimens were placed in Petri dishes and kept in a humid chamber at 37 °C for 7 days before extraction in cell culture medium using the ratio 1.25 cm2 mL−1. Undiluted eluates were used for the dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay with HGF and L-929. Morphology of HGF cells was also examined by an inverted microscope using undiluted eluates of the sealers. The results were analysed using a two-tailed t-test (α = 0.05) between groups.



Results  Resin-based (Epiphany and EndoREZ) and calcium hydroxide-based (Apexit and Acroseal) sealers were significantly more cytotoxic than other sealers (P < 0.05). However, L929 cells were more sensitive to Apexit and EndoREZ than HGF cells. RC Sealer showed mild cytotoxicity to HGF at both setting times. AH Plus did not exert any cytotoxic effect to HGF and aged specimens appeared to induce cellular proliferation. RoekoSeal and GuttaFlow also demonstrated mild cytotoxicity. GuttaFlow was slightly more cytotoxic to both cultures, especially when tested fresh.



Conclusions  Toxicity varied but RC Sealer and GuttaFlow were the least toxic new sealers.

Cytotoxicity of new resin-, calcium hydroxide- and silicone-based root canal sealers on fibroblasts derived from human gingiva and L929 cell lines.

Aim To evaluate setting time, solubility and disintegration, flow, film thickness, and dimensional change following setting in a dual-cured resin root canal sealer EpiphanyTM compared with an epoxy-resin-based sealer AH PlusTM.



Methodology  The experiments were performed according to ANSI/ADA Specification 57 which tests the physicochemical properties of endodontic sealing materials. Five samples of each material were tested for each of the properties. In addition, deionized distilled water from the solubility test of EpiphanyTM was submitted for analysis of the cations Fe, Ni, Ca, Mg, Zn, Na, and K in an atomic absorption spectrometer. Three samples were analysed.



Results  There were no statistical differences (P > 0.05) in flow (AH PlusTM: 38.57 mm; EpiphanyTM: 35.74 mm) and film thickness (AH PlusTM: 10.6 μm; EpiphanyTM: 20.1 μm). The solubility (AH PlusTM: 0.21%; EpiphanyTM: 3.41%) and dimensional alterations following setting (AH PlusTM: expansion of 1.3%; EpiphanyTM: expansion of 8.1%) were statistically different (P < 0.05). The setting times of both sealants were in accordance with ANSI/ADA requirements.



Conclusions  Setting time, flow, and film thickness tests for both cements conformed to ANSI/ADA standards. Dimensional alteration test for both cements were greater than values considered acceptable by ANSI/ADA. EpiphanyTM values regarding solubility were also greater than values considered acceptable by ANSI/ADA.

M. I. A. F. Padilha

Papers

A comparative study of physicochemical properties of AH PlusTM and EpiphanyTM root canal sealants