For an understanding of the concept of the Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Innovation Systems, it is essential to realize that the Quadruple and Quintuple Helices are based on democracy and ecology. This has two implications: (1) the further advancement and evolution of knowledge and innovation are requiring a co-evolution with democracy or knowledge democracy, and (2) ecology, ecological sensitivity, and environmental protection are a necessity for the survival of humanity, but they should also be regarded as drivers for further knowledge production and innovation development. This implies that for an innovation system to be a Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Innovation System, the government and the political system, addressing the innovation system, must be democratic in substance, and not only in form. This indicates how a Quadruple and Quintuple Helix differs from Triple Helix approaches to innovation. Furthermore, within the framework of Quadruple and Quintuple Helix, the “Democracy of Climate” for innovation and the “Democracy of Knowledge” are combined together in creating a nexus. Implications for strategy, policy, and practice are manifold, also incorporating aspects of Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0.

Helix Trilogy: the Triple, Quadruple, and Quintuple Innovation Helices from a Theory, Policy, and Practice Set of Perspectives

Quadruple and Quintuple Helix innovation systems are based on democracy and ecology. Two propositions are here key: (1) without a democracy or knowledge democracy, the further advancement of knowledge and innovation are seriously constrained, so in that sense, knowledge and innovation evolution depend on democracy and knowledge democracy; (2) ecology and environmental protection represent a necessity and challenge for humanity, but they also act as drivers for further knowledge and innovation (this should lead to a win–win situation for ecology and innovation). Therefore, for an innovation system to be a Quadruple/Quintuple Helix innovation system, the political regime hosting these helixes needs to be democratic in essence, not just in form. The next stage in evolution of innovation systems may be that this also will require a “democracy of climate” (promoting a social, cultural, economic, and political “climate for democracy”), where democracies as innovation enablers are creating innovation that regard the ecology as a crucial driver for further innovation and for responsible innovation.

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Democracy of Climate and Climate for Democracy: the Evolution of Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Innovation Systems

Agile project management challenge in handling scope and change: A systematic literature review

The evaluation of conceptual design through dynamic simulation: A proposal based on TRIZ and system Dynamics

This work addresses the manufacturability challenges in traction machine production systems and design. The tradeoffs between performance and manufacturability of a heavy duty traction machine for buses and trucks, are investigated for four different winding designs, with multiple stator combinations, all using the same interior permanent magnet rotor. We present an analysis of electromagnetic, thermal, cost and production system performance for 6 primary combinations.

Performance and manufacturability tradeoffs of different electrical machine designs

In today’s unpredictable business environment, manufacturing companies are exposed to increasingly dynamic market conditions and volatilely changing customer expectations. Therefore, the modular product platform approach is increasingly gaining the focus of many industries in order to enable standardization and high level of product individuality at the same time. Especially in the development of new mechatronic products the fulfillment of product functions is realized in mechanics, electronics and software. Therefore, this paper presents a methodology for an increased efficiency of modular product platforms for mechatronic systems. In the first partial model, mechatronic systems are decomposed into individual mechatronic function modules. Subsequently, a classification for degrees of freedom in mechatronic systems is developed. In the third partial model, interactions of the specific degrees of freedom with regard to function fulfilment, costs and interdependencies are examined and represented by key figures. The restriction of systemic degrees of freedom is realized by means of a change propagation algorithm. In a final step, the overall system, consisting of individual mechatronic function modules, can be configured.

Efficient Modular Product Platform Design of Mechatronic Systems

Innovation Ecosystems for Industrial Sustainability

Methodology for the Design of Agile Product Development Networks

In today's fast-paced and unpredictable business environment, manufacturing companies are exposed to increasingly dynamic market conditions and volatilely changing customer expectations. Therefore, a complete definition of requirement specifications is often not possible, as customer needs in early development phases may strongly differ from needs in advanced phases. One way to encounter these challenges is the application of agile methods from software industry to the development of physical products. However, companies face high barriers during the implementation of agile methods in physical product development. This paper introduces a methodology to determine the application suitability of agile methods for highly interconnected physical products by using Agile Indicators. Agile Indicators are metrics that support the decision-making process for or against agile development methods at the level of individual product scopes. In order to do so, a classification of different types of development questions derived from uncertain requirements is presented. Subsequently, product scopes are determined in accordance with the existing development questions. In a next step, the derived product scopes are evaluated with Agile Indicators and the interdependencies between product scopes are analyzed. Based on this analysis a final selection of product scopes for agile development can be conducted.

Methodology for Determining Agile Product Scopes in Development Projects

Producing companies for electric traction engines used in electric cars are faced with new challenges as production volumes and market demands change frequently. Missing standards in the product and production development process itself increase the expenses for development and production of an electric engine. As 70% of the product costs are determined by the product development and still generated solutions do not meet the required project cost targets, the focus of electric engine companies needs to be shifted to the product and process development. Therefore, the Return on Engineering approach pursues the maxim of forcing the cost target particularly in the early stages of development. This paper presents an approach to structure the product and process development process by modularizing the production process following the product architecture of an electrical engine. Thereby, the producing companies have the opportunity to decrease product costs and shorten their development process. The approach is being clarified with the aid of an exemplary development process of an electric engine for small city-cars. Especially technology chains for component production as well as final assembly are considered.

M. Kuhn

Papers

Efficient Modular Product Platform Design of Mechatronic Systems

Innovation Ecosystems for Industrial Sustainability

Methodology for the Design of Agile Product Development Networks

Methodology for Determining Agile Product Scopes in Development Projects

Return on engineering: Design to cost for electric engine production