Extracts from the leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Kalanchoe
crenata were screened for their antimicrobial activities. Solvents
used included water, methanol, and local solvents such as palmwine,
local gin (Seaman's Schnapps 40% alcoholic drink,) and "omi ekan-ogi"
(Sour water from 3 days fermented milled maize). Leaves were dried and
powdered before being soaked in solvents for 3 days. Another
traditional method of extraction by squeezing raw juice from the leaves
was also employed. All extracts were lyophilized. These extracts were
tested against some Gram-negative organisms ( Escherichia coli	 ATCC
25922, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella
pneumoniae , Shigella flexneri , Salmonella paratyphi , Citrobacter
spp); Gram-positive organisms Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25213,
Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis , Bacillus subtilis )
and a fungus ( Candida albicans ). Agar well diffusion and broth
dilution methods were used to determine the minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at
concentrations of 512mg/ml to 4mg/ml. All the organisms except Candida
albicans were susceptible to the extracts obtained from the traditional
method. The squeezed-leaf juice of Kalanchoe crenata was the most
active one with MIC of 8 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis, 32 mg/ml against Shigella
flexneri, 64 mg/ml against Escherichia coli and 128 mg/ml against the
control strain Staphylococcus aureus while its MBC is 256 mg/ml against
these organisms except Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The
Gram-positive organisms were more sensitive to the methanol and local
gin-extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum. Extracts from other solvents
showed moderate to weak activity.

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In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Of Crude Extracts From PlantsBryophyllum Pinnatum And Kalanchoe Crenata

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is an important fungal pathogen affecting the production of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Conventional control methods using chemicals are expensive, which constitute environmental hazards. This has necessitated the search for alternatives in botanicals. Ethanol and supernatant solution of fermented maize slurry extracts from Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus, Xylopia aethiopica, Aframomum melegueta and Allium sativum were evaluated. In vitro test was carried out at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% concentrations against the pathogen. Mycelial growth was significantly reduced in the following descending order: O. gratissimum > A. melegueta > A. sativum > X. aethiopica > C. citratus. Supernatant solution extracts of O. gratissimum and A. melegueta at 5% concentration gave highest mycelial reduction (0.00 mm), respectively, while O. gratissimum ethanol extract recorded highest mycelial reduction (0.23 mm) among the ethanol extracts. Supernatant solution of fermented maize slurry ex...

In vitro effect of fermented maize slurry and ethanol extracts of five plants against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

M.O. Bankole

Papers

In vitro effect of fermented maize slurry and ethanol extracts of five plants against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)