Increasing competition between GSM service providers and several calls for improvement of their quality of service from members of the public has led to proliferation of base station (BTS) masts in Nigeria. Consequently, there is an increase in the risk of radiation hazard due to exposure of the public to radiofrequency radiation from the BTS antennae. This study is aimed at estimating the radiation hazard due to electric field intensity from BTSs.Electric field intensity measurements due to different GSM Operators were taken at thirty sites in the 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands. The maximum instantaneous electricfield intensities of 301.05 ± 63.85mV/m and 241.49 ± 57.00mV/m were obtained for GSM900 and GSM1800 respectively. Estimation of the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) yield 39.00μW/kg and 34.80μW/kg for the skin, while that of the brain yield 33.90μW/kg and 32.70μW/kg for GSM 900 and GSM 1800 respectively. The skin penetration depth for the worst case of exposure was obtained as 4.16cm. Exposures in the study area are below the ICNIRP reference level.

http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol6-issue5/Version-1/H06514045.pdf

Hazard estimation from Radiofrequency Radiation in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital from nearby GSM Base-Stations

A guideline for measuring the radio frequency (RF) emissions from the base transceiver stations deployed by Global System Mobile Communications operators in Nigeria is proposed. The guide includes the procedures for measuring the emitted RF power and for determining whether or not the emission exceeds the maximum permissible limits in Nigeria airspace.

A Model for Monitoring GSM Base Station Radiation Safety in Nigeria

Electromagnetic radiations exposure from mobile phone base stations to public health has attracted the attention of many researchers. An extensive survey of GSM exposure in terms of power density in the urban environment of the city of Kampala has been performed. This wide survey was done using the drive test method where a car running at low speed, power supply unit, a calibrated Aaronia Spectran HF-6065 V4 spectrum analyzer, an Aaronia OmniLOG70600 antennas and an Aaronia GPS Logger were used in power density measurements. Maximum power densities of 0.0029Wm -2 for GSM900 and 0.0013Wm -2 for GSM1800 were recorded. Exposure data obtained was lognormally distributed. The investigated power density levels were compared with the international safety level. The measured exposure levels were found to be below the recommended safety levels as provided by international agencies such as the international Commission for Non-Ionising Radiations (ICNIRP). Keywords: GSM, Power density, Exposure, ICNIRP, Kampala

/pdf/measurement-and-modelling-of-electromagnetic-exposure-from-14mr7ir3uj.pdf

Measurement and Modelling of Electromagnetic Exposure from GSM Base Stations in Kampala Uganda

An assessment of radiofrequency exposure due to GSM 900 and GSM 1800 was carried out at 30 strategic locations in the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan with a frequency selective spectrum analyzer (SPECTRAN HF 60105). The Spectrum analyzer was coupled to a calibrated Omnidirectional antenna to obtain a spatial power density for each location. The mean power densities of 38.37µW/m 2 and 8.68µW/m 2 and maximum power densities of 212.40µW/m 2 and 67.40µW/m 2 were obtained for GSM 900 and GSM 1800 respectively. The standard deviation of 51.3 µW/m 2 and 14.90µW/m 2 were also obtained for GSM 900 and GSM 1800 respectively. GSM 900 and GSM 1800 respectively show compliance level of 0.0047% and 0.00075% with the ICNIRP reference level. Keywords - power density, GSM, radiofrequency, exposure, spectrum analyzer

/pdf/assessment-of-spatial-exposure-to-rf-radiation-due-to-gsm-1p0whro40l.pdf

M. O. Osiele

Papers

Assessment of Spatial Exposure to RF Radiation due to GSM 900 and GSM1800 - A Case Study of UCH, Ibadan, Nigeria